Section I  Use of English

Directions：

Read the following text.Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）

Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations. __1__，when done too often，this habit can sometimes hurt more than it __2__.

As for me，weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing __3__ on the scale.That was bad to my overall fitness goals.I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass，but thinking only of __4__the number on the scale，I altered my training program.That conflicted with how I needed to train to __5__ my goals.

I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate __6__ of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym.It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant changes in your weight __7__ altering your training program.The most __8__ changes will be observed in skill level，strength and inches lost.

For these __9__，I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule __10__. Since weight loss is not my goal，it is less important for me to __11__ my weight each week.Weighing every other week allows me to observe and__12__ any significant weight changes.That tells me whether I need to __13__my training program.

I use my bimonthly weigh-in __14__ to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensity remains the same，but I'm constantly__15__ and dropping weight，this is a __16__that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.

The __17__ to stop weighing myself every day has，done wonders for my overall health，fitness and well-being.I'm experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a __18__morning weigh-in. I've also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals，__19__ I'm training according to those goals，not the numbers on a scale.

Rather than __20__ over the scale，turn your focus to how you look，feel，how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.

1.[A]Besides     [B]Therefore     [C]Otherwise     [D]However

2.[A]helps       [B]cares         [C]warns        [D]reduces

3.[A]initially      [B]solely        [C]occasionally    [D]formally

4.[A]recording    [B]lowering      [C]explaining     [D]accepting

5.[A]modify      [B]set           [C]review         [D]reach

6.[A]definition    [B]depiction      [C]distribution     [D]prediction

7.[A]due to       [B]regardless of   [C]aside from     [D]along with

8.[A]orderly       [B]rigid         [C]precise        [D]immediate

9.[A]claims        [B]judgments    [C]reasons        [D]methods

10.[A]instead      [B]though       [C]again          [D]indeed

11.[A]report       [B]track         [C]overlook       [D]conceal

12.[A]depend on   [B]approve of    [C]hold onto       [D]account for

13.[A]prepare     [B]share         [C]adjust          [D]confirm

14.[A]results      [B]features       [C]rules           [D]tests

15.[A]bored       [B]anxious       [C]hungry         [D]sick

16.[A]principle     [B]secret        [C]belief          [D]sign

17.[A]request      [B]necessity     [C]decision        [D]wish

18.[A]disappointing  [B]surprising    [C]restricting      [D]consuming

19.[A]if           [B]because      [C]unless         [D]until

20.[A]obsessing    [B]dominating    [C]puzzling       [D]triumphing

【答案解析】

1.【答案】D

【解析】[A]此外；[B]因此；[C]不然；[D]但是。此题的位置有明显句法特征，逗号把该题与后面的句子分开，可以判断，此题考查上下两句的逻辑关系，四个选项提供了四种逻辑关系。[A]表示前后一致，下文是上文的递进；[B]表示前因后果；[C]表示前后相反，下文是上文的假设；[D]表示前后语义相反。回到原文，可以发现：上文讨论称重的“奇妙（wonderful）”之处，而下文则转向这种行为的“害处（hurt）”，上下文明显发生转折，形成语义对立，故选项[D]符合要求。

2.【答案】A

【解析】[A]有助；[B]关注；[C]警告；[D]降低。此题从句法结构判断，考查句子内部比较结构more than前后的动词对比关系，即与上文动词hurt（伤害）对应的动词。一般而言，比较结构前后对比形成的是相反的语义关系，而不是相似关系。四个选项中，只有[A]与[B]两项可以与hurt形成相反的关系。[B]项有“关注，关心”之意，但是原文缺乏“关注”的对象，语义不完整。

3.【答案】B

【解析】[A]最初；[B]唯一；[C]偶尔；[D]正式。此题从句法结构判断，shift..from...to..形成一个语义对照关系，由generally（通常）转向特别之处。[A]项是一种时间关系，要求上文是“后来”，才能与“最初”形成对照，不符合原文；[B]项“唯一”是特指，可以与上文形成对照；[C]项“偶尔”也可以与上文形成对照；[D]项则要求上文是“非正式”的语义，不符合原文。下文提到thinking only of…the number on the scale，only与此题的solely是同义关系。由此可知，做此类题目时，考生一定要上下兼顾，前后验证。

4.【答案】B

【解析】[A]记录；[B]降低；[C]解释；[D]接受。从句法结构看，此题前面的转折连词but造成一种相反的上下文语义关系，此题处于转折词之后，即应与上文gained weight（增加体重）表意相反，只有 lowering the number（降低指标）符合要求。

5.【答案】D

【解析】[A]修正；[B]确定；[C]回顾；[D]达到。先看句法结构，to my goals是句中动词train（训练）的目的状语，即“通过训练达成目标”。[A]项“修正目标”有一定的迷惑性。它可以对应上文所提及的altered my training program（改变训练计划），但是此题的动词已经表明下文与上文之间是矛盾的关系（conflicted），不可能一致。[B]项很危险，因为考生经常看见set与goals连用，以为是一个固定搭配，但该项显然不符合上文的语义关系，上文已经提及“我的总体目标，我的训练计划”，表明“目标早已确定”。[C]项与[A]项相似，“回顾”没有“修正”那么激烈，但是已经包含了“改变”的语义。

6.【答案】B

【解析】[A]定义；[B]描述；[C]分配；[D]预测。从句法结构看，此题考查名词；从语义结构看，考查动宾结构的组合关系。四个选项均有动词意义，与介词 of之后的名词hard work and progress形成动宾关系。[A]项和[D]项不能满足后面的时态要求，因为这些“努力与进步”是叙述者正在进行的。[C]项与“努力与进步”不能形成语义搭配关系。

7.【答案】A

【解析】[A]由于；[B]不考虑；[C]除了；[D]随着。从句法结构看，此题考查两个动词短语之间的语义关系，即changes in your weight（体重变化）与altering your training program（改变训练计划）之间的关系。从上文看，改变训练计划已经发生，那么“体重变化”应该是之后的结果。[B]项否定这种前果后因的语义关系，不符合上文的要求；[C]项把两者并列，表示递进关系，即除了“改变训练计划”外，还会“发生体重变化”，显然不符合上文的语义要求；[D]项强调两者的“伴随”时间关系，同[C]项错因相同。

8.【答案】D

【解析】[A]有序的；[B]严格的；[C]简洁的；[D]快捷的。此题考查“体重变化”的修饰语。根据上文，最接近的修饰语应该与significant（显著的）保持语义一致。四个选项初看都不符合要求。再考虑上下文的时间关系，这些“体重变化”将发生在未来一段时间内，那么[D]项符合时间要求，其他三个选项则无法适应上下文。

9.【答案】C

【解析】[A]声称；[B]判断；[C]理由；[D]方法。此题前面的代词these给了很好的提示，表明该选项应该是对上文内容的综述。上一段内容讨论了“体重变化”与“训练计划”之间的因果关系，所以[C]最能总结上文的内容。

10.【答案】A

【解析】[A]代替；[B]尽管；[C]再次；[D]的确。从句法结构看，此题在句尾，所以排除选项[B]，其他三项均可置于句尾。从语义关系看，此题前面的关联词and连接了两个动词短语 stopped（终止）…，和switched to（转向）…，即停止一个动作，转向另一个动作。换言之，后面的动作是前面动作的替换，因此选项[A]正确。[C]项表示重复前面的动作。[D]项强调前面的动作，也是与前面的动作保持语义一致。

11.【答案】B

【解析】[A]报告；[B]跟踪；[C]忽略；[D]隐藏。此题包含一个因果语义关系，均与“体重”有关。根据上（两月称体重）下（两周称体重）文的线索，可以得知，此处的动词应该与“称量体重”语义相近。四个选项中，[C]和[D]都表达相反的语义。[A]项虽然不违反语义关系，但是“报告”在上下文中显得词不达意。

12.【答案】D

【解析】[A]取决于；[B]赞同；[C]保持；[D]弄清楚。从句法结构分析，此题与动词observe（观察）是并列关系，宾语都是weight changes（体重变化）。从语义关系看，并列关系应当保持语义一致；那么[A]和[B]两个选项不符合这个要求。[C]项指“保持”，与“体重变化”不太搭配。

13.【答案】C

【解析】[A]准备；[B]分享；[C]调整；[D]确认。从句法关系看，此题的动词与training program组成动宾关系；从上下文语义结构看，与training program组成搭配关系的动词是altered（改变），即根据体重变化改变训练计划。此处的选择受制于该动词altered的语义特征。四个选项中，只有[C]项与alter保持一致。

14.【答案】A

【解析】[A]结果；[B]特征；[C]规则；[D]测试。此题的句法关系中反映了一种“过程一目的”的关系，to get information（获取信息）是不定式结构，充当前面动宾结构use..…的目的。从语义关系来看，“双月称重”的目的是“获取身体营养方面的信息”，那么此处应当指“称重”的数据或结果。[C]和[D]两个选项容易排除。[B]指向太宽泛，不太合适。

15.【答案】C

【解析】[A]厌倦；[B]焦虑；[C]饥饿；[D]恶心。此题的句法结构表明，此处和dropping weight（减重）是并列关系，应当保持一致性；从语义关系看，此处的信息应当是下文increase.intake（增加摄入量）的理由。那么，四个选项中只有[C]项符合语义要求。[A]和[B]都不是增加摄入量的原因。[D]项指“生病，恶心”，不属于上下文的语义范围。

16.【答案】D

【解析】[A]原则；[B]秘密；[C]信念；[D]标记。从句法结构看，此题与前面的代词this是同指关系，即指向同一件事。this指代上文中“感到饥饿并体重下降”的现象。从上下文语义关系看，这种现象成为“增加摄入量”的理由。四个选项中，[A]和[B]不符合语义要求。[C]的意义也与上文的现象不符合，因为上文并没有陈述某种“信念”。

17.【答案】C

【解析】[A]请求；[B]必然；[C]决定；[D]愿望。此题的句法结构表示一种因果关系，即“终止量体重”所造成的“奇妙”结果，而且从时态上讲，动作已经完成。从语义关系看，“终止每天称量体重”是上文已经发生过的事情，所以[A]和[D]项可以排除。[B]项也指向某种“未曾发生但是存在必要性”的事情，在时间上与上文不吻合。

18.【答案】A

【解析】[A]令人失望；[B]令人吃惊；[C]限制；[D]消耗。从句法关系看，此题是对“每天早上称重”的一种描述；从语义上讲，上文已经明确表明，作者“终止了每天称重”的习惯，那么可以推知，作者对“每天称重”持否定态度。四个选项中，[C]和[D]不能表述态度。[B]表述“惊讶”的态度，但是上文告诉我们，作者经历过这种状态，后来放弃了，所以[D]无法表达作者的态度。

19.【答案】B

【解析】[A]如果；[B]因为；[C]除非；[D]直到。从句法结构分析，此题考查一个状语从句引导词，而所有的状语从句引导词都包含某种逻辑关系。从语义关系看，上文的“体验成就感”与下文的“根据目标进行训练”之间存在前果后因的关系。[A]和[C]项均表示“条件一结果”的关系，[D]指向“先后时间”的关系，均不符合要求。

20.【答案】A

【解析】[A]沉迷；[B]主宰；[C]困惑；[D]取胜。此题的句法结构中包含一个短语Rather than（不要……），表示否定一项，肯定另一项，被肯定的部分出现在逗号之后，填空处出现在否定结构中。从语义看，scale（称重）是被否定的行为，选择的动词应该与“称重”一致，然后被Rather than加以否定，[C]项可以排除。[B]和[D]项虽然和语义要求不冲突，但是会改变上下文对“称重”的语气。

【参考译文】

定期称重是避免体重波动的好办法。但是（1），如果做得过度频繁，这种习惯有时候会弊大于利（2）。

拿本人为例，每天称重导致我的注意力从通常的身体健康指标转向只（3）关注称重表。这种转变有损整个健身目标。之前我的肌肉块增加了体重，但是因为仅仅考虑减少（4）称重表上的数字，我改变了训练计划，违背了我需要通过训练达到（5）目标的办法。

我还发现，每天称重并没有提供精确的状况描述（6），可以反映我在健身房付出的努力以及取得的进展。注意到改变你的训练计划导致（7）体重的明显变化需要三到四周的时间。最快捷（8）的变化将在技术水平、力量和减少的尺寸中显现出来。

因为这些因素（9），我终止了每天称重的习惯，改（10）为两月称重的模式。既然降低体重不是我的目标，每周跟踪（11）体重指标就不再重要。每两周称重可以让我注意到并且弄清楚（12）体重的任何明显变化，告诉我是否需要改变（13）训练计划。

我还可以利用两月称重结果（14）获取有关营养的信息。假如我的训练强度保持不变，但是我持续感到饥饿（15）并且体重持续下降，这就是一个信号（16）：我需要增加每天卡路里的摄入量。

终止每天称重的决定（17）对我的整个身心健康带来了神奇的效果。自从我不再承受令人失望的（18）早上称重的负担，我感觉自己对锻炼身体的热情有增无减。我还体会到完成特定健身目标之后的巨大成就感，因为（19）我按照目标而不是称重表上的数字进行训练。

不要沉述（20）于称重表，要专注于你的外表、感受、合身的衣服和整个精神状态。

Section Ⅱ  Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions：

Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A，B，Cor D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（40 points）

Text 1

Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness，fear，and anger，guilt emerges a little later，in conjunction with a child's growing grasp of social and moral norms.Children aren't born knowing how to say“I'm sorry"；rather，they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends-and their own consciences.This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt，in the right amount，to be a good thing.

In the popular imagination，of course，guilt still gets a bad rap.It is deeply uncomfortable-it's the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones.Yet this understanding is outdated.“There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve，"says Amrisha Vaish,a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren't binary-feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.

And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.

Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti,a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.

In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments and the children's self-observations, she rated each child's overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn't magically become more sympathetic to the other child's deprivation.

"That's good news,"Malti says."We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret."

21. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help____.

[A] foster a child's moral development

[B] regulate a child's basic emotions

[C] improve a child's intellectual ability

[D] intensify a child's positive feelings

22. According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be____.

[A] inexcusable        [B] deceptive

[C] addictive          [D] burdensome

28. Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that____.

[A] emotions are context-independent

[B]an emotion can play opposing roles

[C]emotions are socially constructive

[D]emotional stability can benefit health

24.Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing____.

[A]may be the outcome of impulsive acts

[B]may help correct emotional deficiencies

[C]can bring about emotional satisfaction

[D]can result from either sympathy or guilt

25.The word“transgressions”（Para.5）is closest in meaning to____.

[A]teachings        [B]wrongdoings

[C]discussions       [D]restrictions

【答案解析】

21.【答案】A

【题干分析】题干提供了两个重要的定位指示词：1）Researchers think，表明此题考查某些专家的观点；2）guilt can be a good thing是专家观点的内容。根据这两条提示，同时根据题序，我们回到文章第一段寻找考点，找到最后一句：This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt，in the right amount，to be a good thing.该句包含了题干的两条指向，但是并不能回答题干的原因。注意该句开头的代词This，这是一个关键信息，它指向上文：Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness，fear，and anger，guilt emerges a little later，in conjunction with a child's growing grasp of social and moral norms.这是真正的考点所在，由代词引导出来。考生要高度重视这种代词的功能，经常出现在阅读考题中。根据选项分析原则，我们要特别重视选项中名词项和动词项所承担的不同功能。一般情况下，选项中的名词项主要考查定位准确性，所以经常出现有些选项的名词项与原文定位处毫无关系，这其实就是对定位本身的一种考验。动词项则考查选项与原文之间的语义关系，可以一致，也可以矛盾，且动词往往以替换词的方式出现。

【选项解析】

[A]foster a child's moral development（促进孩子道德观念发展）包含在定位句中，与原文一致。

[B]regulate a child's basic emotions（规范孩子的基本情绪）包含在定位句中，但是句首的Unlike已经否定了这个“基本情绪”与“内疚”有本质的不同，所以排除。

[C]improve a child's intellectual ability（提升孩子的智力水平）没有提及，无关信息。

[D]intensify a child's positive feelings（强化孩子的积板情感）没有提及，无关信息。

22.【答案】D

【题干分析】题干有两个定位符号：1）Paragraph 2；2）many people stil consider guilt。从句法结构看，问题还是落在guilt这个主题词上。回到第二段，我们发现，从第三句开始，都是作者和心理学家的观点，那么大众的观点只能出现。在开头两句：In the popular imagination，of course，guilt still gets a bad rap.It is deeply uncomfortable-it's the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones.注意此处的对应替换词，many people对应原文popular的语义。定位句有两处描述主题词guilt:uncomfortable 和 wearing a jacket weighted with stones。再来分析选项，我们发现此题实际考查的是词语的理解。

【选项解析】

[A]inexcusable（不可原谅）没有提及，无关信息。

[B]deceptive（有欺骗性）为无关信息。

[C]addictive（容易上瘾）没有提及。

[D]burdensome（背上包袱），“装着石头的夹克衫”就是“负重”的意思，这是英文中的一个比喻说法。

23.【答案】B

【题干分析】题干包含两处定位提示语：1）人名Vaish，表明某人观点；2）rethinking about guilt，指向观点的具体内容。根据定位1）提示，我们找到原文第二段中的“There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve，”says Amrisha Vaish，a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia，adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren't binary-feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Vaish表达的观点包含两部分信息，用adding（补充说明）连接起来。前一部分是直接引语，后一部分是间接引语。定位提示2）直接出现在第一部分，但是第二部分this revival（复古）重复了rethinking（再思考）的意义，而且第二部分中recognition（认识到）与题干的awareness（认识）对应，由此可知，间接引语是本题的考点。

【选项解析】

[A]emotions are context-independent（情绪不受环境影响）中，context符合要求，independent则与原文相悖，假如去掉否定前缀，context-dependent（受制于环境），那么该选项就是符合原文信息的。

[B]an emotion can play opposing roles（情绪可以发挥反作用）中，opposing roles（反作用）是not binary（非二元对立）的替换表达方式，破折号后面的解释进一步说明了“情绪在不同环境下的作用”。

[C]emotions are socially constructive（情绪在交往中具有建设性）是文章第三段的信息，是第三段中表达作者的观点，超出了题干要求Vaish的观点的范围。

   [D]emotional stability can benefit health（稳定的情绪有益健康）是文章第三段的信息，是第三段中表达作者的观点，超出了题干要求Vaish的观点的范围。[C][D]两个选项故意扩大考查范围，考验定位准确性。

24.【答案】D

【题干分析】题干的定位指示词是Malti and others以及cooperation and sharing，考点在后者。根据这个提示语，我们找到文章第四段第三句：In a number of studies，Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. 注意不是第二句，那只是Malti个人的观点，与题干要求不符。

【选项解析】

[A]may be the outcome of impulsive acts（可能是冲动行为带来的）中的名词项impulsive acts（冲动行为）不在定位句中。

[B]may help correct emotional deficiencies（可能有助于修补情绪缺失症）极具迷惑性。emotional deficiencies（情绪缺失）来自本段第二句，是心理学家Malti本人的观点。但是存在两个问题：1）定位上不对，与题干要求不一致。2）在Malti的观点中，“内疚补偿缺失”，而不是题干所指的 cooperation and sharing（合作与分享）。

[C]can bring about emotional satisfaction（能够带来情绪满足感）的emotional satisfaction（情绪满足感）不在定位句中，考查考生定位准确性的能力。

[D]can result from either sympathy or guilt（可能源自同情心或者内疚感）只是把原文中的语序进行了调整，pathways（路径）替换成result from（源自）。

25.【答案】B

【题干分析】此题定位没有困难，但是上下文并没有提供多少线索可以帮助考生推测超纲单词的意义。原文只是在negative emotions和moral transgressions之间建立了某种关联，而这种关联的意义只有通过全文的理解才有可能获得。词汇题的考查通常涉及对上下文的推测；如果上下文不起作用，则考查构词法。本题有针对前缀trans-的考点，也有对合成词wrong doings的辨识，难度比较大。

【选项解析】

[A]teachings（教导）与原文无关。

[B]wrongdoings（犯错）符合上下文，正确。

[C]discussions（讨论）是无关信息。

[D]restrictions（限制）与原文不相符。

【参考译文】

内疚有别于诸如伤心、恐惧、愤怒等所谓的基本情绪。它伴随着孩子对社会规范与道德准则的认识加深，出现得也比较晚。孩子们并非与生俱来就知道怎么道歉，他们需要一段时间才能领会到，道歉的话语可以平息父母和朋友的不快，也可以让自己的良心得到安定。因此，研究者们通常把所谓适度的内疚当作一件好事。

不过在大众的心目中，内疚依然遭受非议。在内心深处，它令人不安，感觉如同穿着一件装着石头的夹克衫。但是这种理解已经过时。弗吉尼亚大学的心理研究专家Amrisha Vaish说，“近来有一股复古潮流，人们开始重新思考内疚的本质及其功能。”她补充说，这种复古源于一种更全面的认识，即情绪并不是二元区分的：一种环境下某些有益的情绪在另外一种环境下则有害。比如嫉妒和愤怒已经发生变化，可以警醒我们注意那些重大的有失公平的事件。乐极也会生悲。

内疚可以鞭策我们深入思考自己的善良，从而鼓励人们弥补过失，修复关系。换句话说，内疚可以维护一个群体的合作性，成为某种社会黏合剂。

从这个角度看，内疚其实是一个机会。多伦多大学心理学教授Tina Malti的研究表明，内疚可以弥补一种缺失的情绪。Mali和其他人从事的众多研究发现，内疚和同情可以代表达成合作与分享的不同途径。同情心不足的孩子感受到更多的内疚，可以弥补自己的短处，进一步还可以控制那些不良的冲动。反之亦然：高同情心水平可以替代内疚指数过低。

例如，Mali在2014年对244个孩子进行了研究。她根据监管人的评价和孩子的自测，对每个孩子的同情心程度以及犯错之后感受负面情绪的倾向进行了评分。然后给每个孩子分发巧克力币，让他们和不认识的孩子分享这些巧克力。那些同情心分数低的孩子分享巧克力的数量似乎取决于他们的内疚感受程度。即便他们对于其他孩子的短缺并没有立竿见影地表现出更多的同情心，有内疚倾向的孩子也分享得更多。

Malti说：“真是不错！我们造成伤害，真心悔过，这对社会有益。”

Text 2

Forests give us shade，quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change.Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce，we are threatening their ability to do so.The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.

Thankfully，there is a way out of this trap-but it involves striking a subtle balance.Helping forests flourish as valuable“carbon sinks”long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now.California is leading the way，as it does on so many climate efforts，in figuring out the details.

The state's proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest.This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity.But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture，so they grow and thrive，restoring the forest's capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects. The landscape is rendered less easily burnable.Even in the event of a fire，fewer trees are consumed.

The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already，since 2010，drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California，most of them in 2016 alone，and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.

California plans to treat 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030-financed from the proceeds of the state's emissions-permit auctions.That's only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, about half a million acres in all, so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.

The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels. New research on transportation biofuels is already under way.

State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally they've focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. California's plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a model.

26. By saying"one of the harder challenges,"the author implies that____.

[A] global climate change may get out of control

[B] forests may become a potential threat

[C] people may misunderstand global warming

[D] extreme weather conditions may arise

27. To maintain forests as valuable"carbon sinks,"we may need to____.

[A] preserve the diversity of species in them

[B] lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity

[C] accelerate the growth of young trees

[D] strike a balance among different plants

28. California's Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to____.

[A] restore its forests quickly after wildfires

[B] cultivate more drought-resistant trees

[C] find more effective ways to kill insects

[D] reduce the density of some of its forests

29. What is essential to California's plan according to Paragraph 5?

[A] To obtain enough financial support.

[B] To carry it out before the year of 2020.

[C] To handle the areas in serious danger first.

[D] To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.

80. The author's attitude to California's plan can best be described as____.

[A] supportive       [B] ambiguous

[C] tolerant         [D] cautious

【答案解析】

26.【答案】B

【题干分析】题干直接使用引号把考点定位在第一段首句，但是其意义则需要通过下文得到解释。所以问“作者的真正意图”，其实是要求考生阅读下文的两个句子：Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce，we are threatening their ability to do so.The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.这两句都与森林和碳排放有关系。

【选项解析】

[A]项的名词 climate change（气候变化）在原文中相应的信息有两个，分别是1）we are hastening；2）leave us with forests。动词 get out of control（失控）无法对应其中任何一个动词的意义，所以[A]项错误。

[B]项的名词forests（森林）在原文中有三处：1）forests.…soak up.…carbon dioxide；2）we are threatening（forests'）ability：3）forests that emit more carbon than they absorb。其中1）是在Even as的转折句中，其信息不是作者表达的重点，可以排除在外；另外两条信息可采用。potential threat（潜在威胁）对应原文3）处的信息，即“排放更多二氧化碳”。

[C]项的globle warming（全球变暖）与原文climate change大致相当，但是misunderstand（误解）没有出现在原文中。

[D]extreme weather conditions（极端气候状况）没有出现在相关句中，属于定位干扰项。

27.【答案】B

【题干分析】题干指向第二段第二句，其实就是解释carbon sinks的意义。本句的内容可以完成题干的信息：Helping forests flourish as valuable“carbon sinks”long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now.

【选项解析】

[A]preserve the diversity of species in them（保护森林中的物种多样性）的名词不在定位范围之内，可以直接排除。

[B]lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity（降低当前森林的吸碳容量）的动词lower替代原文reduce，语序略有调整，故正确。

[C]accelerate the growth of young tres（加速幼龄树种的成长）的名词不在定位范围之内，可以直接排除。

[D]strike a balance（取得平衡）直接取自原文第二段第一句，但是又增加了among different plants（在不同树种之间）这个修饰语。首先，第一句不是用来解释第二句信息的；其次，原文balance并不是指“树种”之间的平衡关系，而是指下文具体讲述的“加州模式”。

28.【答案】D

【题干分析】题干的专有名词California's Forest Carbon Plan 直接指向第三段首句：The state's proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest.此句的动词aims告诉我们该计划的目标，对应此题动词endeavors（致力于），所以句子后半截信息可以完成题干。

【选项解析】

[A]wildfire（山火）出现在段落后半段，与题干无关，属于定位不准确。

[B]drought-resistant trees（耐旱树种）完全没有出现在文章中，是超出文本的信息。

[C]insects（虫害）从定位看，出现在本段后面，但是动词kill insects（杀虫）的信息则超出文章范围。

[D]reduce the density（降低密度）替换原文thin out young trees and clear brush（降低幼龄树木和灌木丛密度），可以看作是正确答案的标记。

29.【答案】C

【题干分析】题干定位第五段，核心信息是essential to California's plan（加州计划的核心），指向第二句：That's only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit，about half a million acres in all，so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought. essential与vital对应。

【选项解析】

[A]To obtain enough financial support（获得足够的财政支持）表达的信息没有满足题干的essential（核心）要求，只是段落讲述的一般信息；其次，[A]项的enough属于多余信息，原文没有。

[B]To carry it out before the year of 2020（2020年之前实施完毕）表达的信息没有满足题干的essential（核心）要求，只是段落讲述的一般信息。

[C]To handle the areas in serious danger first（优先处理高危区域）有两处替换，first代替prioritize；danger代替risk，是典型的语义替换关系。

[D]To perfect the emissions-permit auctions（完善排放许可证拍卖制度）表达的信息没有满足题干的essential（核心）要求，只是段落讲述的一般信息；其次，perfect（完善）也是增加的信息，超出原文的范围。

30.【答案】A

【题干分析】此题考查作者的态度。通常情况下，考生需要注意文章结尾处的信息和语气。作者的语气往往通过一些特别的主观性很强的词语表达出来，比如褒义词、贬义词、情态词、否定词等。看本文最后一句：California's plan，which is expected to be finalized by the governor next year，should serve as a model.句中的情态动词should（应该）表达了十分强烈的语气，表明作者的立场。

【选项解析】

[A]     supportive（支持的），文中的serve as a model（作榜样）说明作者的认同感。[B]ambiguous（含糊的）与原文不相符。

[B]     tolerant（容忍的）与原文不相符。

[D]cautious（谨慎的）与原文不相符。

【参考译文】

森林为我们遮阴，给我们僻静，也成为人类抗争气候变化时面临的一大艰巨的挑战。即使我们指望森林吸收很大一部分人类生产的二氧化碳，其吸收能力正在遭受人类的威胁。我们加速造成的气候变化将来可能让我们面对这样的森林：释放的二氧化碳量高于吸收量。

谢天谢地，还有办法摆脱困境，但是必须保持微妙的平衡。作为未来长久的“聚碳池”，森林必须得到养护，势必减少现在的吸碳容量。加州在应对气候变化方面一直是领跑者，正在率先研究降低森林吸碳量的细节。

加州提出的森林碳计划旨在加倍降低森林区的幼龄树和灌木丛的密度，可以暂时降低森林的吸碳量。但是剩余的树木会吸收绝大部分水分，进一步成长壮大，最后导致森林的吸碳容量恢复到从前。健康的树种防御虫害的能力更加强大。地势也不那么容易着火。即使遭遇火灾，烧毁的树木也会减少。

类似的规划迫在眉睫。2010年以来，干旱和虫害业已毁掉加州一亿多棵树，其中大多发生在2016年。野火把几十万英亩的林地付之一炬。

加州计划到2020年之前每年治理35000英亩的森林，到2030年增加到每年治理60000英亩，其费用来自州政府拍卖排放许可证的收入。受益的也只是少部分林地，大约五十万英亩的规模。因此优先处理火灾或干旱威胁最大的区域非常重要。

加州策略的另外一个目的是确保从林地清除的树木所包含的碳以实木材质得到储存，或者用于机动车作为生物燃料燃烧，否则机动车会依靠化石燃料。机动车生物燃料的全新研究正在进行之中。

州政府对森林治理驾轻就熟，不过他们的传统套路还是集中在保护野生动植物、流域控制，以及提供各种休闲娱乐的机会上。最近人们开始意识到森林储碳的重要作用。加州的计划有望明年得到州长的批准，应该成为一个榜样。

Text3

American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years.The complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.

Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that would let foreign workers stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry. If this doesn't change，American businesses，communities，and consumers will be the losers.

Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the country，the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today's farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled rather than migrating and more likely to be married than single. They' re also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now more than half are. And picking crops is hard on older bodies. One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it's been all along: Native U.S. workers won't be returning to the farm.

Mechanization isn't the answer, either-not yet, at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans, and wheat has been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where robots do a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they' re automated.

As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.

The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 a year. Even so, employers complain they aren't given all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive, and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led the average H-2A worker to arrive on the job 22 days late. The shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.

In a 2012 survey，71 percent of tree-fruit growers and almost 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor. Some western farmers have responded by moving operations to Mexico. From 1998 to 200，14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imports was 25.8 percent.

In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.

31. What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?

[A] Decline of job opportunities in U.S. agriculture.

[B] Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.

[C] Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.

[D] Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers.

32. One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is____.

[A] the aging of immigrant farm workers

[B]the rising number of illegal immigrants

[C]the high mobility of crop workers

[D]the lack of experienced laborers

33.What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S.farming？

[A]To strengthen financial support for farmers.

[B]To attract younger laborers to farm work.

[C]To get native U.S.workers back to farming.

[D]To use more robots to grow high-value crops.

34.Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its____.

[A]control of annual admissions   [B]slow granting procedures

[C]limit on duration of stay       [D]tightened requirements

35.Which of the following could be the best title for this text？

[A]Manpower vs.Automation？ [B]U.S.Agriculture in Decline？

[C]Import Food or Labor？     [D]America Saved by Mexico？

【答案解析】

31.【答案】D

【题干分析】题干指向前两段，但是主要问题集中在第一段complaints（抱怨）的内容上，那才是题干所讲的problem，第二段只是这个问题的进一步说明。American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years. The complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers. 抱怨的要点是：1）劳工短缺；2）针对务农工的移民规定。

【选项解析】

[A] job opportunities（就业机会）不是这两个段落讨论的内容，就业机会与劳工短缺是不同的概念，所以不符合题干要求。

[B] foreign workers（外来劳工）符合定位要求，但是主要信息点Discrimination（歧视）在开头两段中没有涉及，属于多余的信息。

[C] Biased laws（带有偏见的立法）不符合定位要求。文章谈及移民法规，但是是否bias（偏见），文章没有给出定论。此外，移民法规针对外国劳工，并非让国内企业受益。

[D] immigration rules for farm workers（针对农场工人的移民法规）定位准确。Flaws（瑕疵）是一个总结性用词，替换了原文的overhaul（大检修）。

32.【答案】A

【题干分析】题干提供了一个定位指标，U.S.agricultural workforce（美国农业就业人口），还给出了一个开放性的标记：One trouble（一个麻烦）。第三段中提到：Today's farm laborers，while still predominantly born in Mexico，are more likely to be settled rather than migrating and more likely to be married than single. They're also aging. At the start of this century，about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now more than half are. And picking crops is hard on older bodies.这里涉及的美国农业劳动力的特征有：1）定居下来；2）结婚成家；3）老龄化。

【选项解析】

[A] the aging of immigrant farm workers（农场移民工人的老龄化）符合第三条。

[B] illegal immigrants（非法移民）没有问题，但是rising number（数量增加）没有依据。

[C] high mobility（流动性高）与第一条相矛盾，是原文的相反信息。

[D] experienced laborers（熟练劳工）没有出现在定位范围之内。

33.【答案】C

【题干分析】题干定位线索是much-argued solution to the labor shortage（应付劳工短缺的争论不休的一个办法），对应第三段最后一句：One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it's been all along: Native U.S. workers won't be returning to the farm.

【题干解析】

[A] financial support（财政扶持）不符合定位要求；

[B] young laborers（年轻劳工）也不符合定位要求。

[C] native U.S.workers（本土的工人）则和定位信息保持一致。本题只是针对信息定位的考查。

[D] robots（机器人）同样不在定位范围之内。

34.【答案】B

【题干分析】题干有两个定位信息标记：1）H-2A visa；2）employers complain。根据这两个线索，我们找到第六段三个句子：The H-2A visa has no numerical cap，unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work，which is limited to 66，000 a year.Even so，employers complain they aren't given all the workers they need.The process is cumbersome，expensive，and unreliable.那么，能够回答问题的信息是1）they aren't given all the workers they need；2）The process is cumbersome，expensive，and unreliable.

【选项解析】

[A] control（控制）与原文的no numerical cap（没有数量上限）相矛盾。

[B] slow...procedures（缓慢程序）对应The process is cumbersome..…（过程冗长），属于同义替换关系。

[C] limit on duration...（限制居留期）不是此处的信息，它出现在第三段，与国会有关，不是农场主抱怨的内容。

[D] requirements（各项要求）意义模糊，没有具体指向。

35.【答案】C

【题干分析】此题考查文章的中心思想，没有信息定位的要求。把握文章的主旨时，考生需要提取贯穿文章的关键词信息。关键词往往有两个特征：1）出现频率高，在文章各个段落中重复出现；2）概括范围广，能够包含很多细节信息。

【选项解析】

[A]  Manpower（人力）出现的频次算比较高，但是Automation（自动化）只是某个段落的信息，不能延伸至整篇文章。

[B] U.S.Agriculture（美国农业）范围太大，文章只涉及美国农业的某一个方面，而不是整个农业的全貌。

[C] Labor（人力）抓住了全文的关键信息，此标题呼应了文章最后一段提出的思考。

[D] Mexico（墨西哥）也是文章的局部信息，不具备概括性。

【参考译文】

近些年美国农场主一直在抱怨务农人手不足的问题。除非彻底修正针对农场务工的移民政策，否则农场主的抱怨无法停止。

本希望给务农工实施更加快捷的签证，延长外国务工在美国居留时间，允许他们在行业内部更换工作，但这些措施遭到了国会阻止。假如局势没有改观，美国的商业、社区和消费者将深受其害。

美国大约半数的农场劳工是无证移民。随着进入美国的无证移民减少，农业人口的特征正在发生变化。现在农场上的务工绝大多数在墨西哥出生，他们更加可能定居下来，不再四处漂泊；更有可能结婚成家，不再单身。他们正在老化。本世纪初，大约三分之一的务农人口超过35岁。现在则达到半数之多。上年纪的人很难承受种田的辛苦。应对务农人口短缺有一个争议很久的办法，不过一如既往难以奏效：本土的美国人根本不愿意回归农场干活。

农业机械化也不是解决办法，至少到目前为止没有解决问题。玉米、棉花、水稻、大豆和小麦等农作物的生产基本上实现了机械化，但是很多诸如草莓一类价值高、人口密集型的作物需要手工劳动力。即使在牛奶农场，机器人也只能分担少量的挤奶工作，完全实现自动化遥遥无期。

结果农场越来越依赖使用H-2A签证进入美国的短期外来工，指望他们填补用工缺口。从2012年开始，此类签证申请量急剧飙升。2011年到2016年之间，签发的签证数量翻了一番。

H-2A签证没有数量限制，有别于非农就业的H-2B签证，后者每年只有66，000个名额。即便如此，雇主们还是因为找不到足够务工人员而怨声载道。签证申请手续冗长，费用昂贵，而且很不靠谱。一项调查发现，官僚延误导致持H-2A签证的务工人员到岗时间平均推迟22天。联邦移民局实施突袭，造返部分务工人员，迫使其他务工人员转入地下，也会加剧用工短缺。

根据2012年的一项调查，71%的果农，大约80%的葡萄和浆果种植业者声称人手不足。为了应对这种局面，西部的一些农场主直接把农场业务转到墨西哥。从1998年到2000年，进口水果占据美国水果消耗量的14.5%。之后十年多一点的时间，进口水果份额上升到25.8%。

实际上，美国要么进口食品，要么进口劳工。

Text 4

Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: It's easy to beat plastic. They' re part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Environment Day-encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples to combat the plastics crisis.

The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics.But the overarching message is directed at individuals.

My concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved. On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could even be harmful, satisfying a need to have "done our bit"without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions-a kind of"moral licensing" that eases our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.

While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we' re ignoring the balance of power that implies that as"consumers"we must shop sustainably, rather than as"citizens"hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.

It's important to acknowledge that the environment isn't everyone's priority-or even most people's. We shouldn't expect it to be. In her latest book, Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things, Elizabeth R. DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.

This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India has just announced it will "eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022." There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.

DeSombre isn't saying people should stop caring about the environment.It's just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be the only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.

None of this is about writing off the individual. It's just about putting things into perspective. We don't have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action, alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.

36.Some celebrities star in a new video to____.

[A]disclose the causes of the plastics crisis

[B]demand new laws on the use of plastics

[C]urge consumers to cut the use of plastics

[D]invite public opinion on the plastics crisis

37.The author is concerned that"moral licensing"may____.

[A]suppress our desire for success

[B]mislead us into doing worthless things

[C]prevent us from making further efforts

[D]weaken our sense of accomplishment

38.By pointing out our identity as"citizens，" the author indicates that____.

[A]we should press our governments to lead the combat

[B]we have been actively exercising our civil rights

[C]our relationship with local industries is improving

[D]our focus should be shifted to community welfare

39.Desombre argues that the best way for a collective change should be____.

[A]a top-down process       [B]a win-win arrangement

[C]a self-driven mechanism   [D]a cost-effective approach

40.The author concludes that individual efforts____.

[A]can be too aggressive     [B]can be too inconsistent

[C]are far from rational      [D]are far from sufficient

【答案解析】

36.【答案】C

【题干分析】根据题干定位线索Some celebrities star in a new video，回到第一段：They're part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Environment Day-encouraging you，the consumer，to swap out your single-use plastic staples to combat the plastics crisis.破折号后面的信息交代了明星此举的目的，可以回答题干的问题。

【选项解析】

[A] plastics crisis（塑料危机）位于定位信息中，但是其主要信息词causes

（原因）不在定位处，是多余信息。

[B] new laws（新的立法），也不是定位处的信息。

[C] use of plastics（使用塑料制品）对应single-use plastic staples（一次性用途的塑料文具），动词cut（减少）对应原文动词短语swap out（更换，置换）。该选项定位准确，语义对应适当，词语替换到位。

[D] public opinion（公共意见）不在定位信息范围内。

37.【答案】C

【题干分析】题干定位线索是引号中的moral licensing，直接找到原文（第三段末句）：They could even be harmful，satisfying a need to have“done our bit" without ever progressing onto bigger，bolder，more effective actions-a kind of“moral licensing”that eases our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.此题就是问moral licensing的语境意义，其后的从句解释了这个说法的两层意思：1）eases our concerns；2）stops us doing more and asking more..…。

【选项解析】

[A] desire for success（对成功的渴望）超出定位范围。

[B] doing worthless things（做无用功）与原文doing more（做更多的事情）有矛盾，且mislead（误导）也不等同于stops（阻止），该选项具有一定的迷惑性。

[C] prevent..from（阻止）很好地替换了原文stops的语义，making further efforts（付出进一步努力）对应原文doing more and asking more（做更多事情，提出更多要求）的信息，该选项符合题干要求。

[D] sense of accomplishment（成就感）超出定位范围，不过weaken（削弱）倒是原文eases（缓解）的替换表达。但是信息定位是每个选项的首要任务，定位不准确的选项可以直接排除。

38.【答案】A

【题干分析】题干的定位线索指向第四段：While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws，we're ignoring the balance of power that implies that as“consumers”we must shop sustainably，rather than as“citizens”hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.此句结构复杂，关键信息点在于后半部分：作为“消费者”的个体与作为“公民”的个体之间的平衡。本题考查作为“公民”的任务，就是hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change（让政府和企业承担推动系统变革的责任）。

【选项解析】

[A]名词governments（政府）符合定位要求，动词lead the combat（主导这场斗争）对应hold...account（承担责任），回答了题干的信息。

[B] civil rights（公民权）超出定位范围，是命题者根据citizen故意引申出来的信息，脱离了原文语义信息。

[C] local industries（本地企业）与原文的industries（企业）有出入，不能完全对应，且improving（改善）进一步超出了原文。

[D] community welfare（社区福利）超出定位范围，可直接排除。

39.【答案】A

【题干分析】题干的人名DeSombre是定位线索，直接指向第五段第二句：We shouldn't expect it to be.In her latest book，Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things，Elizabeth R.DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural. 此句只有一个词structural（结构性），可以回答题干的问题。命题者实际上考查我们对structural的理解，字面意思很清楚，但是在上下文的语境中，structural的意义来自第六段首句：This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action，or banning single-use plastics altogether. 即在政策层面想办法。四个选项的名词都与“办法”一致，没有定位问题，关键在于修饰成分。

【选项解析】

[A]top-down（自上而下）指从政府层面到老百姓层面采取行动，符合文章的中心意思，但是此题需要考生具备一定的词汇基础，能够理解该词的含义。

[B]win-win（双赢）没有提及。

[C]self-driven（自我驱动）不在定位处的语义范围内。

[D]cost-effective（节约成本）同样不在定位处的语义范围内。

40.【答案】D

【题干分析】题干的定位线索individual efforts（个体努力）指向倒数第二段的第二句：It's just that individual actions are too slow，she says，for that to be the only，or even primary，approach to changing widespread behavior.此句并非作者的表述，而是作者借他人之言，表达自己的结论。此句的too slow to..说明了个体努力的局限。

【选项解析】

[A]     aggressive（咄咄逼人）表达了相反的信息。

[B] inconsistent（不能持续）与原文信息无关。

[C] far from rational（缺乏理性）则否定了个体功劳，违背了原文信息。

[D] far from sufficient（远远不够）替换了too slow...to be...primary approach（太缓慢，无法作为主要手段）的语义信息，与全文的关键信息也完全一致。

【参考译文】

Arnold Schwarzenegger，Dia Mirza和Adrian Grenier向你传达了一条信息：拒绝塑料容易做到！这些明星为世界环境日录制了一段视频，鼓励消费者更换一次性使用的塑料制品，以此对抗塑料危机。

为世界环境日准备的中心信息还包括呼吁政府采取立法措施，禁止一次性使用的塑料产品。但是该信息的目标人群还是个体消费者。

不过把问题抛给个人让我担心，我们对需要完成的目标觉悟会受到局限。比如，自备购物袋，放弃塑料吸管，这些行动收效甚微，连举手之劳都谈不上。这些做法甚至适得其反，它满足了人们“尽一份微薄之力”的心理需求，却没有促使人们采取更大、更勇敢、更有效的行动，它让人们获得某种“道德通行证”，可以减缓我们的焦虑，却让我们裹足不前，对于可以主导的部门没有提出更多要求。

虽然关于环境和责任的话语仍然集中在购物袋和吸管两个方面，但是我们忽略了其中包含的权力平衡：我们是“消费者”，应当使用可持续的办法购物；我们作为“公民”，却没有推动政府和企业采取真正的、系统的变革行动。

应当承认，环境并非每个人的优先考虑，甚至不是大多数人的优先选项。要求人们做到也不现实。Elizabeth R.DeSombre在新作《为啥好心人会与环境过不去？》中指出，一致改变多数人行为的最佳途径就是进行结构性改革。

这种观点可能意味着实施诸如塑料税之类的政策，让造成环境问题的行为付出代价，或者完全禁止一次性塑料用品。印度刚刚宣布，“在2022年之前将消灭所有一次性塑料品。”也有以动机为基础的让环境更好的方式，比如，保证回收至少像垃圾处理一样易行。

Elizabeth R.DeSombre并不是说人们应当不再关注环境。她认为，把个体行动当成唯一的，或者主要的试图改变群体行为的办法收效太慢。

这一切并不是否定个体的努力，而是要正确看待问题的本质。我们没时间静等变革。我们需要卓有成效的政策，规范集体的努力，与热心公民一起，推动改变的发生。

Part B

 Directions：

Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column.There are two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（10points）

How seriously should parents take kids' opinions when searching for a home？

In choosing a new home，Camille McClain's kids have a single demand:a backyard.

McClain's little ones aren't the only kids who have an opinion when it comes to housing，and in many cases youngsters' views weigh heavily on parents' real estate decisions，according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2，000 U.S. adults.

While more families buck an older-generation proclivity to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions，realty agents and psychologists have mixed views about the financial，personal and long-term effects kids' opinions may have.

The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process，said Ryan Hooper，a clinical psychologist in Chicago.

“Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves，especially if it removes them from their current school or support system,"he said.

Greg Jaroszewski, a real estate broker with Gagliardo Realty Associates, said he's not convinced that kids should be involved in selecting a home-but their opinions should be considered in regards to proximity to friends and social activities, if possible.

Younger children should feel like they' re choosing their home-without actually getting a choice in the matter, said Adam Bailey, a real estate attorney based in New York.

Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home will make them feel like they' re being included in the decision-making process, Bailey said.

Many of the aspects of homebuying aren't a consideration for children, said Tracey Hampson, a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita, Calif. And placing too much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.

"Speaking with your children before you make a real estate decision is wise, but I wouldn't base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions,"Hampson said.

The other issue is that many children-especially older ones-may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows, said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in Riverside, Calif.

"They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us,"he said."HGTV has seriously changed how people view real estate. It's not shelter, it's a lifestyle. With that mindset change come some serious money consequences."

Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them personally, Norris said.

Parents need to remind their children that their needs and desires may change over time, said Julie Gurner, a real estate analyst with FitSmallBusiness. com.

"Their opinions can change tomorrow," Gurner said."Harsh as it may be to say, that decision should likely not be made contingent on a child's opinions, but rather made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best-and give them an opportunity to customize it a bit and make it their own."

This advice is more relevant now than ever before, even as more parents want to embrace the ideas of their children, despite the current housing crunch.

【答案解析】

41.【答案】A

【解析】题干Ryan Hooper定位的信息如下：1）The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process，said Ryan Hooper，a clinical psychologist in Chicago. 2）“Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves，especially if it removes them from their current school or support system，”he said. 1）的关键信息点是“孩子们获得控制感与所有权”，在选项中没有对应点。2）的关键信息点是“孩子们在搬家时会遭遇各种困难”，对应选项 [A] remarks that significant moves may pose challenges to children（认为重大举动会给孩子们带来挑战），其中challenges替换原文的serious difficulties（严重困难）。

42.【答案】D

【解析】题干Adam Bailey指向如下信息：1）Younger children should feel like they're choosing their home-without actually getting a choice in the matter，said Adam Bailey，a real estate attorney based in New York. 2）Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home will make them feel like they're being included in the decision-making process，Bailey said. 1）的关键信息点是“孩子们选择一个家”。2）的关键信息点是“让孩子们感到自己是决策过程的一分子”。选项[D]的主要信息点是a sense of involvement（参与感），对应原文2）的信息。

43.【答案】C

【解析】题干Tracey Hampson 指向如下信息：1）Many of the aspects of homebuying aren't a consideration for children，said Tracey Hampson，a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita，Calif. And placing too much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.2）“Speaking with your children before you make a real estate decision is wise，but I wouldn't base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions，”Hampson said.1）的关键信息点是“过度考虑孩子的意见不利于购房”。2）的关键信息点是“不要只考虑孩子们的意见”。选项[C]advises that home purchases should not be based only on children's opinions（建议不要仅根据孩子们的意见购房）对应原文2）的信息，只是把原文的副词 solely 替换成only。

44.【答案】G

【解析】题干Aaron Norris指向如下信息：1）The other issue is that many children-especially older ones-may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows，said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in Riverside，Calif.  2）“They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us，”he said.“HGTV has seriously changed how people view real estate. It's not shelter，it's a lifestyle. With that mindset change come some serious money consequences.”   3）Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them personally，Norris said.1）和2）的关键信息点基本一致，即“孩子们的看法受到电视节目的影响”。3）的关键信息点是“孩子们考虑眼前的好处”。选项[G]assumes that many children's views on real estate are influenced by the media（假定很多孩子对房产的了解受到了媒体的影响）对应原文1）和2）的信息点，media替换原文的HGTV shows。

45.【答案】F

【解析】题干的Julie Gurner 指向如下信息：1）Parents need to remind their children that their needs and desires may change over time，said Julie Gurner，a real estate analyst with FitSmallBusiness.com.  2）“Their opinions can change tomorrow，”Gurner said.“Harsh as it may be to say，that decision should likely not be made contingent on a child's opinions，but rather made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best-and give them an opportunity to customize it a bit and make it their own.”  1）的主要意思是“孩子们的看法会发生变化”。 2）的主要信息是“购房应当考虑孩子们的需要，而不是他们的看法”。选项 [F] believes that homebuying decisions should be based on children's needs rather than their opinions（相信买房决策应当基于孩子们的需求，而不是他们的意见）对应原文   2）的主要信息，只是把原文的not...Rather..结构替换成为rather than的构造，语序上有调整。

【参考译文】

家长找房时该怎样认真对待孩子们的意见？

挑选新房子时，Camille McClain家的孩子们提出的唯一要求是：一个后院。

根据哈里斯民调机构在2018年对2000名美国成年人的调查，Camille McClain家的孩子对住房发表意见并非个案，很多情况下，孩子们的看法会大大影响大人的购房决定。

老一代人倾向于不让孩子们参与购房决策。虽然这种趋势受到越来越多家庭的抵制，但是房产经纪以及心理学家对于孩子意见造成的财务、家庭关系和长期影响则看法不一。

芝加哥临床心理学家Ryan Hooper认为，让孩子参与重大家庭事务决策的理念很棒，因为在重大决策过程中孩子可以培养掌控力和拥有感。

他说：“孩子们在应付某些重大举动时会面对各种挑战，尤其当他们离开现有的学校体系或家庭支持氛围时。”

Gagliardo 地产协会的房产经纪人Greg Jaroszewski表示，他觉得孩子们不应当参与购房决策，但是应当尽可能在涉及与朋友和社交活动距离等问题上考虑孩子们的意见。

纽约的地产律师Adam Bailey觉得，应当让孩子们感到自己在选择住家，而不是在选房过程中得到某种选项。

Bailey表示，询问孩子们对潜在住房后院的看法可以让他们获得决策的参与感。

位于加州Santa Clarita的一家房产经纪人Tracey Hampson则认为，购房的很多因素并不应考虑孩子们的意见。过于重视他们的看法会损坏奇妙的购房经历。

Hampson说：“购房之前和孩子们交谈是明智之举，但是我不会完全依照他们的意见做出决定。”

位于加州Riverside的Norris集团的Aaron Norris认为，另外一个问题是，很多孩子，尤其是大龄的孩子，会观看HGTV的节目获得房产知识。

他还表示：“孩子们和我们一样喜欢Chip和Joanna Gaines的节目，HGTV完全改变了人们对房产的看法。房子不再是一个住所，而是一种生活方式。这种观念的改变带来了一些严重的财务后果。”

Norris认为，孩子们往往着眼于那些吸引他们的特色和眼前的优势。

FitSmallBusiness.com的地产分析师Julie Gurner觉得，父母应该提醒孩子，他们的想法过一段时间就会发生改变。

Gurner说：“孩子们的看法会一夜之间改变，所以听起来虽然刺耳，但是购房决策绝不应该依据孩子的意见，而应该考虑最适合他们需要的房子，让他们有机会适应这个房子，逐渐变成自己的家。”

虽然很多父母在当前楼市低迷的时候依然愿意听取孩子们的意见，但是Gurner的忠告同之前的相比，算是最中肯的一条。

Section III  Translation

46.Directions：

Translate the following text into Chinese.Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.（15 points）

It is easy to underestimate English writer James Herriot. He had such a pleasant，readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it.How many times have I heard people say，"I could write a book. I just haven't the time."Easily said. Not so easily done. James Herriot，contrary to popular opinion，did not find it easy in his early days of，as he put it，"having a go at the writing game".While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent，the final，polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practising，re-writing and reading.Like the majority of authors，he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way，but these made him all the more determined to succeed.Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.

【参考译文】

英国作家詹姆斯·海里厄特容易被人低估。他的作品风格欢快易读，让人觉得谁都可以模仿。有多少次我都听人说：“我也能写书。我只是没那时间。”说起来轻巧。做起来就没那么简单了。和一般人的想法相反，按詹姆斯·海里厄特的话说，“玩写作这种游戏”之初，他可没觉得容易。他显然天分极高，但他最终呈现给世人的精湛作品却是多年练习、重写和阅读的结果。跟大多数作家一样，他一路走来也不得不遭受了许多失望和被拒之苦，但这些更坚定了他要成功的决心。他一生的所有成就都是艰苦努力的结果，他在文学领域的成功也不例外。

【重点句式解析】

1. James Herriot，contrary to popular opinion，did not find it easy in his early days of，as he put it，"having a go at the writing game".

主干结构并不复杂：James Herriot did not find it easy in his early days of having a go at the writing game.但是句子包含两个插入语成分，contrary to the popular opinion和as he put it。插入语一般容易理解，毕竟插入语的结构不会太复杂，但是翻译时，需要调整插入语的语序。通常情况下，插入语适合提前翻译。

2. While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent，the final,polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practising，rewriting and reading.

典型的从句嵌入式结构，句子包含两个从句：While引导的状语从句，that 引导的定语从句。从层次上讲，主干结构是work was the result of.…，其次是状语从句修饰这个主干结构，最后在主干结构内部，又有一个that引导的定语从句修饰主语 work。翻译时，状语从句置于主干的前面，符合汉语的习惯。定语从句则可以灵活处理。一般情况下，我们把短小的定语前置到名词前，复杂的定语则单独成句。此处我们把that引导的定语从句放到名词work前。

3. Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.

此句有两处省略，值得关注。Everything（that）he achieved in life省略了从句引导词that，属于习惯性省略；Everything...was earned（in）the hard way省略了介词in，也是一种语言使用习惯。

Section IV  Writing

Part A

47.Directions：

Suppose Professor Smith asked you to plan a debate on the theme of city traffic.Write him an email to

1）suggest a specific topic with your reasons，and

2）tell him about your arrangements.

You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not use your own name.Use“Li Ming"instead.（10 points）

【审题】

1.根据提示，我们获得了两个方面的要求。（1）格式，仍然是书信体格式。（2）建议为主，要求考生注意使用关于“建议”的语气。这种语气需要考虑收信人，通过特定句式表达出来。

2.开放式的信息有两点：（1）特定话题由考生自由发挥，需提供理由。（2）辩

论的相关安排由考生自由设计。这两点属于作文的规定内容，缺一不可。

【参考范文】

Dear Prof.Smith，

Thank you for the letter concerning the plan on city traffic debate.

Upon careful consideration，I believe that it would be better if we could focus the debate on how to solve city traffic jam.There are at least two reasons for me to narrow the topic down to this specific issue. First of all，traffic jam is a problem faced by all，and there is nothing to debate on the issue now. However，its solution is still an open field on which anyone can air his opinion. Secondly，any proposal to the solution of city traffic problem can benefit our society by encouraging people to think further on the issue itself.

My plan is to request debaters to put forward their solutions first，and divide them into different groups based on their proposals.Then the debate can proceed between groups.

Please let me know if you have any suggestion on my topic and plan.

Sincerely Yours

Li Ming

【句式借鉴】

1.Thank you for the letter concerning the plan on city traffic debate.这是回复信件时通常使用的句式，表面上是感谢对方，实际上是告知对方来信已阅。

2.Upon careful consideration，I believe that it would be better if we could focus the debate on how to solve city traffic jam.这是典型的表达“建议”语气的句式，礼貌而且正式。类似的句式还有：I would like to suggest a specific topic concerning traffic jam.或者There is one specific topic you might want to consider for this debate.

3.Please let me know if you have any suggestion on my topic and plan.这是征求对方意见的表达方式，一般用于写信结尾处。类似的句式如：If there is any question concerning my topic and plan，please feel free to contact me.或者I greatly appreciate any suggestion you might have on my topic and plan.

Part B

48.Directions：

Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing，you should

1）interpret the chart，and

2）give your comments.

You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.（15 points）

【审题】

1.根据提示，可确定文章主题词：college graduate、employment、further study、self-employment。这些词非常重要，是作文中吸引阅卷者眼球，判断作文是否切合主题的标记。

2.提示有两条要求：解释图表，发表评论。这是对文章内容的要求，也是对文章结构的规定。其中，评论应该包括两个方面：分析图表，对图表信息发表主观看法。

3.这个图表是一个复合型图表，包含的信息非常丰富。所谓复合型图表，就是把常见的“趋势”类图表与“比例”类图表结合在一起。所以，图表中既包含上升下降等“趋势”类数据，也包含百分比等“比例”类数据。这就要求考生熟练掌握两种常见的图表解释方法，在考场上融会贯通。

4.既然解释类信息是复合性质的，那么在分析图表信息时，也需要考生针对两种数据进行相应的分析，不能偏颇，否则文章会出现前后不一致。

5.表达自己的看法时，可以任意选择信息点，然后表达主观观点。

【参考范文】

This survey reveals two prominent findings about where university students went upon graduation in 2013 and 2018 respectively. In the first place，most students would choose employment as priority，accounting for 68.1 percent and 60.7 percent of the total. Those who chose further study and self-employment occupied less than half of the population. Secondly，in 2018 alone，there was a remarkable increase concerning the percentage of students who chose further study，up from 26.3 percent in 2013 to 34 percent while the percentage of employment went down a little.

These findings are not hard to understand if we take into consideration the whole society and its development. First of all，Chinese economy was expanding fast and there was an increasing demand for highly educated talents in the labor market. Jobs were easy to find and pay was generally decent to keep a high living level.Therefore，it is natural that more and more graduates were willing to take on jobs after they completed university study.In the second place，the increase of further study percentage in 2018 reflected a significant change in the structure of Chinese economy. China was quickly transformed from a manufacturing country into one who would devote itself to the development of science and high technology. More competitive talents with higher education will be the future leaders in this field. Accordingly，more students chose further study as a preparation for the future career.

I regret to see the percentage of self-employment remained more or less unaltered from 2013 to 2018，but the increase in further study was a welcome students with more and better opportunities and exciting tendency. To keep this tendency going up, we should facilitate students with more and better opportunities.

【句式借鉴】

1.This survey reveals two prominent findings about where university students went upon graduation in2013 and 2018 respectively. 这是解释图表时常用的点题句，开门见山点明文章的主题

2. In the first place. most students would choose employment as priority，accounting for 68.1 percent and 60.7 percent of the total. 这是表达“比例”类数 据的经典句式，把 account for（占据）摆在分词的位置上，突出它的作用。

3. Secondly, in 2018 alone, there was a remarkable increase concerning the percentage of students who chose further study, up from 26.3 percent in 2013 to 34 percent while the percentage of employment went down a little. 这是描述“趋势”走向的句式，既包含“上升”，也有“下降”。

4. These findings are not hard to understand if we take into consideration the whole society and its development.这是分析图表时常用的承上启下句式，在文章中起到“桥梁”作用。

5. Therefore, it is natural that more and more graduates were willing t take on jobs after they completed university study. 很多考生在分析图表背后原因时，不知道如何把分析与图表本身传递的信息连接起来，显得脱节。此句就分析之后，回归到图表信息的表达法。

6. Accordingly, more students chose further study as a preparation for the future career在分析完毕后，回归到图表信息。

7. I regret to see the percentage of self-employment remained more or less unaltered from 2013 to 2018, but the increase in further study was a welcome and exciting tendency.在表达主观观点时， regret、 welcome、 exciting等词语发了表达作者本人态度和立场的作用。