Section I Use of English
Directions：
Read the following text.Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）
Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful？Because humans have an inherent need to __1__uncertainty，according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will __2__ to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will __3__.
In a series of four experiments，behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students' willingness to __4__ themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one __5__，each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment.The twist？Half of the pens would __6__ an electric shock when clicked.
Twenty-seven students were told which pens were electrified；another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. __7__ left alone in the room，the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would __8__. Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli，__9__the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.
The drive to __10__ is deeply rooted in humans，much the same as the basic drives for __11__ or shelter，says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct-it can __12__ new scientific advances，for instance-but sometimes such __13__ can backfire.The insight that curiosity can drive you to do __14__ things is a profound one.
Unhealthy curiosity is possible to __15__，however. In a final experiment，participants who were encouraged to __16__ how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to __17__ to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the __18__ of following through on one's curiosity ahead of time can help determine __19__ it is worth the endeavor.“Thinking about long-term __20__ is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity,” Hsee says. In other words，don't read online comments.
1.[A]ignore [B]protect [C]resolve [D]discuss
2.[A]seek [B]refuse [C]wait [D]regret
3.[A]rise [B]hurt [C]last [D]mislead
4.[A]expose [B]alert [C]tie [D]treat
5.[A]concept [B]message [C] review [D]trial
6.[A]deliver [B]remove [C]weaken [D]interrupt
7.[A]Unless [B]When [C]If [D]Though
8.[A]change [B]continue [C]happen [D]disappear
9.[A]owing to [B]rather than [C]regardless of [D]such as
10.[A]disagree [B]discover [C]forgive [D]forget
11.[A]food [B]pay [C]marriage [D]schooling
12.[A]begin with [B]lead to [C]rest on [D]learn from
13.[A]diligence [B]withdrawal [C]persistence [D]inquiry
14.[A]self-deceptive [B]self-reliant [C]self-destructive [D]self-evident
15.[A]trace [B]define [C]resist [D]replace
16.[A]conceal [B]overlook [C]predict [D]design
17.[A]pretend [B]remember [C]promise [D]choose
18.[A]outcome [B]relief [C]plan [D]duty
19.[A]where [B]why [C]whether [D]how
20.[A]limitations [B]consequences [C]investments [D]strategies
【答案解析】
1.【答案】C
【解析】[A]忽视；[B]保护；[C]解决；[D]讨论。上文提出了一个问题，此句试图解答其中的原因，但是the need to ____uncertainty（____不确定性的需要）无法在上文的问题中得到回应，只能从下一句寻找对应点：the need to know。那么____uncertainty应该等于know（了解，知晓）的意义。四个选项中，只有[A]和[C]可以和“不确定性”对立，但是“忽略不确定性”并非真的“了解”，故排除。[B]和[D]两个选项不符合上下文逻辑一致的要求。
2.【答案】A
【解析】[A]寻求；[B]拒绝；[C]等待；[D]后悔。句子本身就提供了一条线索，people will ___to satisfy their curiosity（人们会____满足自己的好奇心）是strong need to know的结果：人们有强烈的知晓需求，所以会满足好奇心。此处应填入“努力，想办法，尽量”等付出行动的词语。四个选项中，[B],[C]，[D]都是“消极”词语，无法匹配上文的strong need，只有[A]才代表人们的努力。
3.【答案】B
【解析】[A]提升；[B]伤害；[C]持久；[D]误导。此句在段落结尾，只有上文可以参看。上文提供了两条线索。首先，even when…引出一个转折点，即下文与上文形成一种逻辑对立：即使结果会____，人们也要努力满足好奇心。根据这个对立可知，这个结果不会是积极的。其次，本段第一句告诉我们，人们会做一些明显painful（带来痛苦）的事情。分析可知，此处须填入带有消极意义的单词。四个选项中，只有[B]和[D]满足要求。从第一句的信息判断，hurt与painful一致。
4.【答案】A
【解析】[A]曝光；[B]警觉；[C]维系；[D]对待。句子本身的结构要求此处的词语与下文的介词to组成一个短语，只有[A]和[B]两个选项可以与介词to搭配。Expose oneself to…意为“受到影响，接受”；alert to.…意为“警觉到”。从下文看，是一群接受测试的学生是否接触到导电钢笔的实验。所以，选项[A]合适；[B]只是“意识到”，而没有“接触”，与下文的测试行为不一致。
5.【答案】D
【解析】[A]概念；[B]信息；[C]回顾；[D]测试。空白处前的数词one是一个重要线索，它其实具有部分指代的作用，把上文复数概念中的某一个点列举出来。从上文看，共有两个复数名词，experiments（测试）和stimuli（刺激），那么one____肯定是指代其中“一个测试”，或者“一种刺激”。从下文的描述看，学生们在接受测试，所以[D]符合上下文的要求，trial是experiment的替换词。
6.【答案】A
【解析】[A]传递；[B]移除；[C]削弱；[D]打断。从句子本身看，没有足够信息可以对填空“____电击”进行合理选择，只能在下文中寻找相关线索：pens were electrified（钢笔可以通电）。由此可知，做测试的这些钢笔可以“导电”，对应“通电”。[B]，[C]，[D]三个选项表达相反的信息，只有[A]符合“导电”的要求。
7.【答案】B
【解析】[A]除非；[B]当；[C]假如；[D]尽管。选项代表三种逻辑关系，[A]和[D]表达转折关系，[B]表达时间关系，[C]表达条件关系。这种逻辑关系主要表达动词与动词之间的某种逻辑关联，在本句中就是let alone（独处）与clicked more pens（敲击更多钢笔）and incurred more shocks（导致更多电击）之间的关系。把选项逐一代人，可知[B]合适。
8.【答案】C
【解析】[A]改变；[B]继续；[C]发生；[D]消失。句子本身有一个平行结构：the students who did not know which ones would shock them…；the students who knew what would____。根据这个对称结构可知，空白处应该重复shock them（电击他们）的信息。选项[A]和[D]不合适，[B]没有下文告知我们“继续下去”的内容。而[C]概括了shock them等信息。
9.【答案】D
【解析】[A]归因于；[B]不是；[C]不管；[D]例如。分析空白处结构可知，下文的两个名词sound（声音）和photographs（照片）应该是上文复数名词 stimuli（刺激物）的具体对象，所以[D]合适。[B]，[C]表达转折关系，[A]表达因果关系，都不符合上下文。
10.【答案】B
【解析】[A]不认同；[B]发现；[C]原谅；[D]遗忘。此处The drive to____距离上文比较远，对应第一段 an inherent need to resolve uncertainty和the need to know两个概念，也可以暗示下文it can ____ new scientific advances。结合上下文可知，“好奇心”是“发现新事物”的驱动力。[B]合适。选项[A]，[D]表达相反的逻辑关系，[C]缺乏上下文支持。
11.【答案】A
【解析】[A]食物；[B]薪水；[C]婚姻；[D]上学。空白处与下文形成一个平行结构：for ____or shelter（居所），这两样东西构成人类基本的需求与驱动力。根据常识可知，衣食住行是人类四大基本需求，在选项中可以和“住”并列的应是“食”，即选项[A]。其他三个选项还不能称为人类最基本需求。
12.【答案】B
【解析】[A]开始；[B]导致；[C]依靠；[D]从……学习。句子本身提供了足够的线索，可以得到答案。首先，for instance（举例）表明，破折号之间的信息是上文的一个例子，与上文保持着“一般论述”和“举例说明”的逻辑关系；其次，上文的修饰语 good instinct（良好的本能）也提示我们，“好奇心”与“新的科学进步”应该是同方向的逻辑，都是套义词。结合这两点，可知[B]是最佳选择。[C]的因果方向相反，表达因果关系。[A]表达时间先后关系，违背了for instance的逻辑。
13.【答案】D
【解析】[A]勤奋；[B]退缩；[C]坚持；[D]探寻。句子本身包含一个重要的信号词：such。这表明，上文已经涉及相似的内容。从上文看，主要讨论两个概念：The drive to discover和curiosity，其实是一个意思，所以此处的inquiry（探寻）可以看成是discover的替换词。
14.【答案】C
【解析】[A]自欺的；[B]自足的；[C]自我毁灭的；[D]不言而喻的。此句对应上文转折词语but之后的信息：好奇心有时候会适得其反。那么此处的填空应该表达“适得其反”的意思，[A]与[C]满足要求。下文开头的描述Unhealthy curiosity（不健康的好奇心）进一步明确，本文讨论的好奇心其实是有害的，所以选择[C]。
15.【答案】C
【解析】[A]跟踪；[B]定义；[C]抵制；[D]替代。句尾的转折词however连接本句与上段的最后一句：…curiosity can drive you to do self-destructive things，两句形成逻辑对立关系。这种好奇心有害，但是可以抵制或对抗。所以[C]满足上下文的逻辑要求。
16.【答案】C
【解析】[A]隐瞒；[B]轻视；[C]预测；[D]设计。这个句子本身有一个重要的时间线索，即after viewing an unpleasant picture的感觉，显然是对事情发生之后的一种“估计”或者“预计”；时态助动词would是过去对未来的一种判断，由此可知[C]是最佳选择。选项[A]和[B]表达相反的意义。
17.【答案】D
【解析】[A]假装；[B]记住；[C]保证；[D]选择。此句与上文保持一致：不健康的好奇心可以抵制，那么事先知道将要看到不美好的照片时，会怎么对待呢？办法就是“尽可能少看这样的照片”。Choose to see（主动看，愿意看）符合上文的要求。[B]有一定的迷惑性，但是remember to see表示“先记得后看”，动作先后关系发生了变化；remember seeing则是“看完还记得”。
18.【答案】A
【解析】[A]后果；[B]安慰；[C]计划；[D]义务。句中的ahead of time（事先）是动词imagine（想象）的时间状语，即“事先想到好奇心的__”。结合上文的测试，鼓励学生们预测看完照片之后的内心感受，可知此处指“事先想到结果”会有助于抵制好奇心的不良影响。只有选项[A]满足要求，其他三个选项均不能与上文形成合理的逻辑意义。
19.【答案】C
【解析】[A]何处；[B]为何；[C]是否；[D]如何。空白处之前的动词determine（明确）指示，后面的信息不太明确，需要确定。选项[A][B]和[D]对下文都有内容要求，即下文必须回答这三个词语提出的问题，但[C]只是两者之间的一个选择。下文给出了一种选择，没有回答其他选项的问题。
20.【答案】B
【解析】[A]局限；[B]后果；[C]投资；[D]战略。此句的观点紧跟上句，可以视为对上文信息的强调或者重复。所以，对应上句的结构imagining the outcome of…curiosity可知，Thinking about long-term____应该是outcome的同义词，即选项[B]。在逻辑上属于同义替换现象。这是完形填空题的常考题型，值得考生关注。
【参考译文】
人们为什么愿意阅读互联网上出现的负面评论，并且做出一些显然会造成伤痛的行为呢？《心理科学》发表的一份近期研究表明，答案源自人类内心对于解决（1）不确定性的需求。研究指出，人类内心充满强烈的需求，所以人们会想办法（2）满足自己的好奇心，即使结果明显会令人受到伤害（3）。
芝加哥大学和威斯康星商学院进行了四个系列实验，测试学生们在满足好奇心的同时，是否愿意接受（4）负面的刺激。在一项测试（5）中，每位参与者会看到一堆钢笔，研究人员称这些钢笔是之前的实验使用过的。怪异吗？半数的钢笔在按动时会导电（6）。
有27名学生被告知了全部通电钢笔的信息，另外27名学生仅被告知了部分通电钢笔的信息。当待在教室时（7），那些事先不知道通电钢笔信息的学生会触碰更多的笔，遭到电击的次数也更多，而了解情况（8）的学生则不然。后续的实验使用其他刺激手段再现出类似的效果，例如（9）指甲在黑板上的声音，恶心的爬虫照片。
芝加哥大学的Christopher Hsee说，发现（新事物）（10）的驱动深深植根于人性之中，如同人类渴望得到食物（11）或者住所。好奇心常常被当成是某种本能，比如，它可以导致（12）科技创新。不过，这样的探寻（13）有时也会带来意想不到的后果。好奇心会促使人们做出一些自我毁灭的（14）事情，这种洞见确有见地。
但是，可以抵制（15）不良的好奇心。最后一个实验鼓励参与者预测（16）看完令人不悦的照片后自己的感受，反而减少了选择（17）主动看类似图像的可能性。研究结果表明，事先设想满足好奇心的后果（18）有助于确定是否（19）值得付出相应的努力。Christopher Hsee指出，“要减少好奇心带来的负面影响，关键是思考长期的后果（20）”。换言之，不要翻看那些网络评论。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions：
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A，B，Cor D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（40 points）
Text 1
It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.
Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering.He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization，but practical.When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike chain？
As Koziatek knows，there is learning in just about everything.Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum.They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.
But he's also found a kind of insidious prejudice.Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority.Schools in the family of vocational education"have that stereotype…that it's for kids who can't make it academically，"he says.
On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of America's evolution.Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was. The job security that the U.S. economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated.More education is the new principle. We want more for our kids, and rightfully so.
But the headlong push into bachelor's degrees for all-and the subtle devaluing of anything less-misses an important point: That's not the only thing the American economy needs. Yes,a bachelor's degree opens more doors. But even now,54 percent of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs, such as construction and high-skill manufacturing. But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.
In other words, at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing, one obvious solution is staring us in the face. There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren't equipped to do them. Koziatek's Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.
Koziatek's school is a wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlooking a nation's diversity of gifts.
21.A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students' lack of___ .
[A] practical ability [B] academic training
[C] pioneering spirit [D] mechanical memorization
22. There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who___.
[A] have a stereotyped mind
[B] have no career motivation
[C] are not academically successful
[D] are financially disadvantaged
23. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates___ .
[A] used to have big financial concerns
[B] used to have more job opportunities
[C] are reluctant to work in manufacturing
[D] are entitled to more educational privileges
24. The headlong push into bachelor's degrees for all___.
[A] helps create a lot of middle-skill jobs
[B]may narrow the gap in working-class jobs
[C]is expected to yield a better-trained workforce
[D]indicates the overvaluing of higher education
25.The author's attitude toward Koziatek's school can be described as___
[A]supportive
[B]tolerant
[C]disappointed
[D]cautious
【答案解析】
21.【答案】A
【题干分析】第一题一般指向文章开头部分，这是考生需要注意的“题序”原则，即题目设计的顺序与原文的进展顺序大体一致。题目中的关键信息A broken bike chain 指向第二段最后一句：When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 18th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike chain？如果做题只停留在此句，说明对题目的理解不对。本题真正的考查目的不是对此句本身的理解，而是此句与上句where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization，but practical之间的逻辑关系，显然“自行车链条”和“十三任总统”都是“学校学习”内容的具体事例，属于事例支持论点。
【选项解析】
[A]源自论点句，位置正确。原句指出，在学校学习的不是书本的东西，而是实际动手能力方面。注意not.…but.…的结构特征。面对“自行车链条断裂”而不知所措是“动手能力缺乏”的具体事例。Overwhelm（被吓倒，被征服）被题目中的lack of（缺乏）所替换。
[B]源自论点句，可以看作是something of books and tests的替换，但是该部分在原句中被否定了，不是论点。
[C]没有出处，原文缺乏依据。
[D]同[B]，有出处，位置正确，但是处于被否定的状态，不属于论点。
22.【答案】C
【题干分析】根据题干关键词prejudice，vocational education，kids定位到第四段。题目结构是kids___，即回答问题的信息必须落实到孩子，所以再定位到该段最后一句：Schools in the family of vocational education“have that stereotype..…that it's for kids who can't make it academically，"he says.
【选项解析】
[A]关键词stereotype（定型）源自定位句，位置正确；但是schools have that stereotype（学校有一种固定思维）组成一个逻辑单位，与题目要求的kids没有逻辑关系。
[B]Career motivation（事业心）没有来源，与定位信息无关。
[C]出自定位信息，其中主要考查考生对短语make it的理解，make t意思比较灵活，一般指“完成”一件事，可以对应successful 或 accomplished。
[D]关键词financially（经济方面）没有出现在定位句中，属于位置错误。
23.【答案】B
【题干分析】题目提供了两个定位标记：Paragraph 5和high school graduates，可直接确定考点：The job security that the U.S.economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated.此句有两条与“高中生”相关的信息，过去对比现在的job security。
【选项解析】
[A]从关键词financial concerns（经济方面的担优）看定位，发现该选项不符合定位范围。Used to考查的是时间节点，指示过去时间的状况，与定位句的once（曾经）对应，但是关键信息与原文不符。
[B]关键词used to对应定位句的once，符合要求。名词 job opportunities可以对应job；修饰词more可以理解为原文中的security（稳定性）。定位清晰，替换比较准确。
[C]关键词manufacturing（制造业）指向句子：Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was.分析的是“制造业”与“美国经济”的关系，与题干要求的“高中生”没有直接关联。
[D]关键词more educational privileges（更多的教育优势）似乎指向第五段最后一句：We want more for our kids，and rightfully so.但仔细分析结构可知，rightfully so（这样做完全正确）并非孩子们有权利（be entitled to）得到更多，而是指“我们提出更高要求”的做法符合时代的要求，也与“高中生”无关。
24.【答案】D
【题干分析】根据题干定位到第六段首句：But the headlong push into bachelor's degrees for all-and the subtle devaluing of anything less-misses an important point:That's not the only thing the American economy needs.但是此句不能补充题干要求的所有信息，所以此题的范围其实很大，涉及整个第六段的信息，每一句都有可能是“追求本科学历”所带来的影响。注意：这种题干随时可以变化为Paragraph 6 indicates that___；或者According to Paragraph6，we may learn___. that它本质上是考查整个段落的分散信息点，需要考生耐心对待。
【选项解析】
[A]关键词middle-skill jobs（中等技能工作）来自本段第三句：But even now，54 percent of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs，such as construction and high-skill manufacturing.但是没有依据显示，这些“中等技能的工作”与“本科学历”存在因果关系。句首的转折关系词But突出了这些“中等技能就业机会”与上句“本科学历带来更多机会”之间的矛盾。
[B]关键词gap in working-class jobs（工人阶级就业的差距）来自第七段的句子：There is a gap in working-class jobs，从定位来看，已经超出“所有人追求本科学历”的范围。选项动词narrow（缩小）也没有在原文中提及。
[C]根据关键词 better-trained workforce可以定位到第六段最后一句：But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.Better-trained可以看作是adequately trained的替换。与选项[A]相同，“44%的训练有素的就业队伍”不是“本科教育”带来的，与题干要求没有关系。
[D]关键词higher education回指题干的“本科学历”，定位在段首句；关键是如何理解overvalue（高估）的意义：原句用破折号和并列连词and解释了“人们一窝蜂追求本科学历”的做法，即 the subtle devaluing of anything less（贬低本科以下学历的价值）。反向理解，可以得知，本科学历被高估了。
25.【答案】A
【题干分析】对于这类作者态度题，考生在定位时需要弄清楚对象，就是attitude toward___后的内容。本题的对象是一所学校，在文章中多处涉及。作者的具体态度体现在作者使用的一些特定的修饰词语，所以考生须注意那些描述这所学校时出现的修饰词。文章结尾处：Koziatek's school is a wake-up call.“叫醒电话”寓意为“对全社会追求本科学历，忽视人才多样性培养”提出警告。由此可见作者的态度。
【选项解析】
对于态度题，考生要注意“积极”“消极”两个方向，即[A]和[C]两个选项。一般不要考虑其他方向。选项[B]和[D]不是描述态度的词语。
【参考译文】
Stephen Koziatek努力为学生谋得更加美好的未来，似乎还要为此找出正当的理由。这有点儿耐人寻味！
Koziatek先生正在参与一项史无前例的工作。他是新罕布什尔一所高中的教师，这所学校的学习不是围绕着书本、考试或机械记忆，而是实用技能。学生应该牢记美国第十三任总统的名字，但面对断裂的自行车链条一筹莫展，这种学习到底何时成了共识？
正如Koziatek所知，万物皆利于学习。强迫学生趴在满是涂鸦并粘满各级学生留下的口香糖的书桌上学习几何不会带来必然的效果。学生们也可以通过组装自行车来学习几何知识。
但是他也发现了某种潜在的偏见。手工劳动往往被当作能力不足的标记。他说，从事职业教育的学校“有一种成见，即职业教育适合那些学习成绩不好的孩子。”
一方面，这种观点是美国发展的必然产物。制造业曾经是经济驱动的引擎，现在却不复如此。美国经济给中学毕业生提供的稳定就业率已然消失。高等教育成为新的法则。我们需要给予孩子们更多的教育，这样做完全正确。
但是所有人哄抢本科学历，让中学教育隐形贬值，会忽略一个重要的方面：美国经济不只需要本科学历。诚然，本科学历打开了更多的就业之门。不过放眼当下，仍然有54%的工作只需要具有中等技能，如建筑和熟练制造业，而只有44%的工人接受过专业训练。
换言之，工人阶级已经改变了这个国家的政治格局，并对曾经作为美国象征的机会的消失感到沮丧，此时，一个显而易见的解决方案就摆在了我们眼前。工人阶级的就业市场亟须用工，而需要这些就业机会的工人却没有得到就业的技能。Koziatek执教的曼彻斯特职业技术高中正试图填补这片教育空白。
Koziatek的学校旨在唤醒我们。当教育沦为“一刀切”的工具时，一个国家就会忽视人才多样性的可能。
Text 2
While fossil fuels-coal，oil，gas-still generate roughly 85 percent of the world's energy supply，it's clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar.The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world:They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.
Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources.But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables，especially wind and solar.The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.
In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source.In Scotland，for example，wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes.While the rest of the world takes the lead，notably China and Europe，the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift.In March，for the first time，wind and solar power accounted for more than 10percent of the power generated in the U.S.，reported the U.S.Energy Information Administration.
President Trump has underlined fossil fuels-especially coal-as the path to economic growth.In a recent speech in Iowa，he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source.But that message did not play well with many in Iowa，where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state's electricity generation-and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.
The question"what happens when the wind doesn't blow or the sun doesn't shine？"has provided a quick put-down for skeptics.But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.
The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers，who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles.Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now，this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.
While there's a long way to go，the trend lines for renewables are spiking.The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up-perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change.What Washington does-or doesn't do-to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.
26.The word“plummeting"（Para.2）is closest in meaning to___.
[A]rising [B]falling [C]changing [D]stabilizing
27.According to Paragraph 3，the use of renewable energy in America___.
[A]is as extensive as in Europe
[B]is progressing notably
[C]has proved to be impractical
[D]faces many challenges
28.It can be learned that in Iowa，___.
[A] wind energy has replaced fossil fuels
[B] there is a shortage of clean energy supply
[C] tech giants are investing in clean energy
[D] wind is a widely used energy source
29.Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5&6？
[A] Its application has boosted battery storage.
[B] It is commonly used in car manufacturing.
[C] Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.
[D] Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.
30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy___.
[A]is not really encouraged by the U.S.government
[B]is not competitive enough with regard to its cost
[C]will bring the U.S.closer to other countries
[D]will accelerate global environmental change
【答案解析】
26.【答案】B
【题干分析】表面上看，此题已经提供了考查单词的具体定位，实质上，真正考查的是该词的上下文理解。Plummet是超纲单词，并非真正的考点。从语境判断，plummet与新能源的价格有关，但是本句又无法提供足够的解释，只能从下文寻找线索：The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.Drop（下降）表述了新能源的价格走向，与plummet一致。
【选项解析】
[A]反义，违背下文提供的语境意义。
[B]同语境一致。
[C]与语境无关。
[D]与语境无关。
27.【答案】B
【题干分析】题干提供了两条定位信息：段落与关键词 renewable energy in America，尤其要注意地点专有名词America，这是区别性特征。根据线索，找到定位句：While the rest of the world takes the lead，notably China and Europe，the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift.命题者把the United States 改换成America，可见命题时的精细程度，这就要求考生在定位时要同样细心，观察入微。
【选项解析】
[A]关键词Europe出现在定位句中，可以确定该选项定位正确。接着看逻辑结构，平级比较as…as把美国和欧洲相提并论，违背原句中“中国和欧洲处于领先地位”，而“美国有明显转变”的逻辑关系。中国和欧洲处于as.…as的同样级别，美国还不能相比。
[B]Progress（进步）不能等同原文中的shift（转变）一词，因为“转变”不一定是“好转”或“进步”，但是原句中的逻辑关联词also表明，这个shift与世界其他地方的发展是相同方向，可以理解为“进步”。Notably是remarkable的替换表达。
[C]否定词impractical（不切实际）显然出自下一段第二句：he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source，替换unreliable（不可靠），超出了题干要求。
[D]关键词challenges（重重挑战）没有出现在原文中，属于无关信息。
28.【答案】D
【题干分析】根据地点专有名词Iowa可定位到第四段的最后一句：But that message did not play well with many in Iowa，where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state's electricity generation-and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.从句法结构看，根据Iowa后面跟随两个并列的限定从句where…and where可知，能够回答题干信息的内容来自这两个从句。
【选项解析】
[A]选项包含两个关键词 wind energy和fossil fuel，显然“化石燃料”没有出现在定位句中，和“风能”没有逻辑关系，那么has replaced（已经代替）所连接的逻辑关系就不存在。
[B]关键词 clean energy（清洁能源）出自定位句的第二个限定从句中，定位准确。但是shortage（短缺）与原句的availability（随时可取）相反。
[C]关键词tech giants（技术巨头）和clean energy（清洁能源）均出自定位句第二个限定从句，来源正确。连接两个名词的动作invest（投资，注资）与原文的动词attract（吸引）不一致，属于故意曲解原文信息。
[D]关键词 wind energy（风能）出现在定位句中，位置正确。动词widely used（广泛使用）可以看作是对第一个限定从句wind turbines dot the fields（田野里点缀着风能电机）的小结。考生需要注意：选项的动词往往是原文某些词语的替换或者小结。
29.【答案】C
【题干分析】根据题干提示，涉及两个段落；第五段首句没有提及“清洁能源”，实际上只有如下三个句子：（1）But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.（2）The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers，who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles.（3）Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now，this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.本题考查分散信息，要求考生仔细对应每个选项与定位句的关系。
【选项解析】
[A]关键词Its（清洁能源）与battery storage（电池储存）均出现在定位句（1）中，定位正确。动词boost（推动）表达的因果关系是：清洁能源应用为“因”，电池储存为“果”。原文第一句中，电池储存能量的提升是“因”，能源保持长时间供
应是“果”。因果关系相反，属于逻辑错误。
[B]关键词car manufacturing（汽车制造业）出现在定位句的第二句和第三句，故定位没有问题。但动词部分commonly used（广泛使用）违背了第三句的still a rarity（依然稀少），逻辑上站不住脚。
[C]关键词continuous supply（持续续航）来自定位句第一句，对应keep power flowing around the clock（保持能量持续供应）。动词部分is becoming a reality（正在成为现实）的时态表明，现在还没有实现，对应原句中的making…
more likely（使之可能性大大增加）。注意此句结构中make…more likely的使动用法。
[D]关键词sustainable exploitation（持续利用）与选项[C]中的continuous supply 意义相同，对应定位句第一句。谓语部分的remain difficult（将非常困难）违背了make.…more likely的意思，属于逻辑相反。
30.【答案】A
【题干分析】题干提供两条定位线索：段落与关键词renewable energy（再生能源）。最后一段共三个句子，都包含了“再生能源”这个定位词，所以最后一段的三句都不能忽视。（1）While there's a long way to go，the trend lines for renewables are spiking.（2）The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up-perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change.（3）What Washington does-or doesn't do-to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.
【选项解析】
[A]选项关键词U.S.government（美国政府）对应最后一段第三句的Washington，这是一种习惯性表达，用首都地名代表国家政府。再看动词部分的信息is not really encouraged（没有实质性鼓励），encourage是promote（推动）的替换词，否定词不变，即美国政府也许推动了可替换能源，也许没有推动，不过两者影响都不大。换言之，选项[A]包含在最后一句的信息范围中。
[B]关键词its cost（再生能源的价格）在最后一段并未出现，违背了题干的定位范围。
[C]把美国和其他国家排列起来，不是定位句的信息。第三句只是涉及美国，没有提及其他国家。关键词定位错误，不用考虑动词“靠拢”的逻辑意义。
[D]关键词global environmental change（全球环境变化）出现在第二句，对应climate change（气候变化），定位正确。动词accelerate（加快）对应speed up，但是speed up的主体不是环境变化，而是pace of change in energy source（能源变化节奏），明显属于张冠李戴。原文中与“气候变化”连接的动词是slow（延缓），是选项动词accelerate的反义词，所以该选项属于逻辑错误。
【参考译文】
尽管煤、石油、天然气等化石燃料仍然占据全球能源供应的85%左右，但是人们越来越清醒地认识到，未来属于风能和太阳能等再生能源。再生能源转向势头强劲：现在已经占据新型能源半壁以上江山。
再生能源快速增长得益于政府的决心和具有远见卓识的相关企业对清洁能源的投入。不过，事情的转机越来越受到风能和太阳能等新能源价格下行的影响。过去八年间，太阳能板的价格下跌近80%，风能涡轮机的价格也下降近三分之一。
现在，再生能源业已在世界很多地方成为支柱能源。比如，在苏格兰，有95%的家庭靠风能涡轮机发电。虽然主导再生能源的地区是中国和欧洲，但美国也在发生明显转变。据美国能源信息部报道，风能和太阳能提供的电力在三月份首次超过美国10%的发电量。
特朗普总统强调煤之类的化石燃料是经济增长的办法。最近，他在艾奥瓦州发表演讲，对风能大加排斥，认为风能靠不住。不过他的讲话并没有得到热烈响应，因为当地的田野里布满了风能机，为全州提供36%的电力，微软等技术巨头也被为其数据中心供电的清洁能源所吸引。
诸如“风不吹或不出太阳该怎么办呢？”之类的问题给持怀疑态度的人提供了借口。不过电池储蓄能力的增强可以保证全天候电力供应。
上述进步部分受益于汽车生产厂家。他们投入巨资研发电动车。虽然马路上的电动车还是少见，但是这种巨额投入会很快改变未来几年的状况。
尽管道路还很漫长，但是再生能源的趋势已然可观。能源变化的节奏似乎正在加快，对延缓气候变暖也许恰逢其时。在全球思维发生转变的当下，美国在推动新能源方面的作为或不作为可能影响甚微。
Text 3
The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing-Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for $ 13.5bn，but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service，which doesn't have any physical product at all.What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users' friendships and social lives.
Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities，but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through.Even without knowing what was in the messages，the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be.What political journalist，what party whip，would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May's enemies are currently plotting？It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns，but the records of which customers have purchased what.
Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power.But it is clumsy.For one thing，it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy.By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace，to be replaced by new abuses of power.But there is a deeper conceptual problem，too.Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don't pay for them.The users of their services are not their customers.That would be the people who buy advertising from them-and Facebook and Google，the two virtual giants，dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.
The product they're selling is data，and we，the users，convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants.Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed，so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield.Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed；Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes.It doesn't feel like a human or democratic _relationship，even if both sides benefit.
31.According to Paragraph 1，Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its___.
[A]digital products [B]quality service
[C]physical assets [D]user information
32.Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may__.
[A]pose a risk to Facebook users
[B]mislead the European commission
[C]worsen political disputes
[D]mess up customer records
33.According to the author，competition law___
[A]should serve the new market powers
[B]may worsen the economic imbalance
[C]cannot keep pace with the changing market
[D]should not provide just one legal solution
34.Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because___.
[A]they are not financially reliable
[B]they are not defined as customers
[C]the services are generally digital
[D]the services are paid for by advertisers
35.The ants analogy is used to illustrate___.
[A]a typical competition pattern among digital giants
[B]a win-win business model between digital giants
[C]the benefits provided for digital giants' customers
[D]the relationship between digital giants and their users
【答案解析】
31.【答案】D
【题干分析】题干提供了段落定位和关键词Facebook，WhatsApp等线索，可以直接找到第一段第一、二句…but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service，which doesn't have any physical product at all.What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users' friendships and social lives.
【选项解析】
[A]名词digital products（数码产品）不在定位范围；虽然出现了product词，但不是指“数码产品”，而是physical product（有形产品）。
[B]名词service（服务）出现在定位处，但是修饰语quality（优质）不能等同于messaging service（信息服务）。
[C]名词assets（资产）定位错误，不能与product等同；而且定位句中明确指出，WhatsApp没有任何“有形产品”。
[D]名词user information（用户信息）出自定位句，user源自原文，information 涵盖了原句的friendships and social lives（交友与社交生活）。
32.【答案】A
【题干分析】题干定位词Facebook identities和phone number指向第二段第一句，但是第一句主要介绍Facebook同欧盟的协议，真正涉及“Facebook认证与电话号码绑定”的内容在第二句：Even without knowing what was in the messages，the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be.
【选项解析】
[A]关键词Facebook users 对应定位句的 who sent them and to whom（发送信息的双方）。Risk（风险）没有直接出现在定位句中，可以理解为“海量信息暴露”的后果。
[B]关键词European commission出现在定位处。动词mislead（误导）连接“绑定行为”与“欧盟”，显然违背原文；误导欧盟的是Facebook公司，不是绑定认证与电话号码的行为本身。
[C]关键词 political disputes（政治分歧）没有定位依据，属于定位错误。动词worsen（恶化）则不需要考虑。
[D]关键词customer records（顾客记录）出现在第二段最后一句，与Amazon的收购行为有关，与题干“绑定认证与电话号码”的要求无关，属于答非所问。
33.【答案】C
【题干分析】题干关键词competition law（竞争法）指向第三段。作者的观点则指向转折词But之后的句子：But it is clumsy.For one thing，it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy.By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace，to be replaced by new abuses of power.下文也是作者的观点，是第34题的考查范围。
【选项解析】
[A]关键词new market powers似乎出现在定位句中，其实不然。仔细对比可以发现，该选项组合了原文中的marketplace，new abuses of power，制造了一种似是而非的假象，因为这几个单词在原文中隶属于不同的逻辑单位，marketplace是动词vanish（消失）的地点范围，而new abuses of power（新出现的权力滥用）则是代替老问题的“新问题”。这种任意组合打乱了原文的逻辑关系，完全没有意义，就是考查考生的句子分解能力。
[B]关键词 economic imbalance（经济失衡）也是一种以假乱真的做法，与原文第一句的imbalances of power（权力失衡）不一致。动词worsen（加剧）同样违背了原文动词address（应对）的意义。
[C]关键词changing market（市场变化）出自定位句，对应the pace of change。动词短语keep pace with（同步）替换原文的compared to（与.……相比），否定词则来自slow（迟缓）。换言之，变化在前，法律滞后。
[D]核心词one legal solution（单一合法解决办法）没有来源，定位错误。
34.【答案】B
【题干分析】题干关键信息来自第三段：（1）Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don't pay for them.（2）The users of their services are not their customers.因为用户不支付Facebook的服务，所以不是Facebook的消费者，从而得不到竞争法的保护。
【选项解析】
[A]关键词not financially reliable（在经济上不可信）显然是对定位句中financial disadvantage to customers（消费者在经济方面的劣势地位）的曲解，形式上非常接近，实质上理解错误。
[B]关键词customers出自定位句（2），定位正确。动词define替换原文的系动词are。
[C]关键词services，digital没有出现在定位句中。虽然在下一段可以找到，但是已经远离题干的要求。
[D]关键词advertisers（广告商）未出现在定位处。是否支付广告服务是用户与消费者的区别，没有涉及“广告商”。
35.【答案】D
【题干分析】题干关键词ants analogy（蚂蚁类比）出自尾段第二句：Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed，so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield.考查考生对于as.…so…结构的理解。As引出类比成分，so引出主体信息。
【选项解析】
[A]关键词competition pattern（竞争模式）并未出现在定位句中，属于无关信息。
[B]关键词win-win business model（共赢商业模式）不在定位处，也未在文章讨论范围内。属于无中生有。
[C]关键信息benefits…for digital giants' customers（为客户提供的福利）出现在上文的“蚂蚁类比”中，不属于这个“类比”的主体对象，定位不对。要特别注意该选项重新组合后的迷惑性：原文中benefits for the digital giants，指为“数码巨头谋利”，并非为digital giants' customers（数码巨头的客户），完全颠倒了获利主体。
[D]关键信息词digital giants和users来自定位句的后半部分，定位准确。Bugs产生蜜露，所以ants养着它们；用户产生数据，所以数码巨头给用户提供服务，目的就是为了获取数据。
【参考译文】
数码经济的巨头们能量惊人，野心令人生畏。Amazon斥资185亿美金收购了高端零售连锁店Whole Foods，两年前Facebook 收购信息服务公司WhatsApp时投入的资金甚至超过Amazon，而WhatsApp没有任何实体产品，它给Facebook带来的是一个连接用户友谊和社交生活的复杂而精细的网络。
Facebook 当时向欧盟承诺，不会把电话号码与Facebook身份捆绑，但是交易完成后，它立刻翻脸。虽然看不到信息内容，但信息发送者和接收方却暴露无遗。哪个时政记者，哪个党鞭不想知道WhatsApp的群体组成呢？特雷莎·梅的政敌们可能正在其中密谋夺权呢！也许对Amazon而言，Whole Foods的价值不在于它拥有460个零售店，而在于顾客的购物记录。
竞争法似乎是应对这种力量失衡的唯一武器。不过法律并非尽善尽美。一方面，相对于数码经济的快速更迭，法律的步子实在滞后。问题得到解决之时，问题本身早已不复存在，市场上又出现新的权力失衡。但是，其中存在更深层的认知问题。现存的竞争法应对不利于消费者的市场行为，如果用户没有为服务买单，那么就不存在明显的不利于用户的行为。用户不是消费者，消费者会付钱购买广告，但用户不会。Facebook和Google两大虚拟巨头垄断了数码广告，其他媒体和娱乐公司则处于劣势地位。
他们出售的产品是数据，我们这些用户的生活则转向数据，为数码巨头们牟利。就像某些蚂蚁饲养蚜虫是为了获取蚜虫进食时生产的蜜露，Google供养我们，也是为了获取我们的数码生活所产生的数据。蚂蚁会阻止捕猎昆虫靠近蚜虫进食的区域，Gmail也会屏蔽试图进入我们信箱的垃圾邮件。虽然双方受益，但是感觉不到人际关联或民主关系。
Text 4
To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy，Cal Newport，author of Deep Work:Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World，recommends building a habit of"deep work"-the ability to focus without distraction.
There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work-be it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task；developing a daily ritual；or taking a“journalistic”approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day.Whichever approach，the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.
Newport also recommends"deep scheduling"to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time."At any given point，I should have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month.Once on the calendar，I protect this time like I would a doctor's appointment or important meeting，"he writes.
Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritise your day-in particular how we craft our to-do lists. Tim Harford, author of Messy: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities; others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail, day by day.
While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, they were wrong: the detailed daily plans demotivated students. Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective, while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.
In order to make the most of our focus and energy, we also need to embrace downtime, or as Newport suggests, "be lazy."
"Idleness is not just a vacation, an indulgence or a vice; it is as indispensable to the brain as vitamin D is to the body ..…I idleness] is, paradoxically, necessary to getting any work done,"he argues.
Srini Pillay, an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, believes this counterintuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate. When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task, they tend to be more efficient.
"What people don't realise is that in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain,"says Pillay.
36. The key to mastering the art of deep work is to___ .
[A] list your immediate tasks [B] make specific daily plans
[C] keep to your focus time [D] seize every minute to work
37. The study in the early 1980s cited by Harford shows that____.
[A] daily schedules are indispensable to studying
[B] students are hardly motivated by monthly goals
[C] detailed plans may not be as fruitful as expected
[D] distractions may actually increase efficiency
38. According to Newport, idleness is___.
[A] an essential factor in accomplishing any work
[B] an effective way to save time and energy
[C]a major contributor to physical health
[D]a desirable mental state for busy people
39.Pillay believes that our brains' shift between being focused and unfocused___.
[A]can result in psychological well-being
[B]can bring about greater efficiency
[C]is aimed at better balance in work
[D]is driven by task urgency
40.This text is mainly about___.
[A]the key to eliminating distractions
[B]the cause of the lack of focus time
[C]ways to relieve the tension of busy life
[D]approaches to getting more done in less time
【答案解析】
36.【答案】C
【题干分析】根据题干关键信息The key to mastering the art of deep work和题序原则，可以在文章第二段段首和结尾找到定位句：There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work..Whichever approach，the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.
【选项解析】
[A]关键词immediate tasks（紧急任务）没有出现在定位处；虽然有a specific task（特定任务），但是显然不同于immediate tasks。
[B]关键词make daily plans（制订日常计划）出自定位句首句，对应developing a daily ritual（培养日常行为习惯）；但是题干要求的不是普通办法，而是key（关键），所以定位不符合题干要求。
[C]关键词focus time（专注时间）对应定位句的length of focus time（专注时长），定位准确。动词keep to（保持）替换原文动词短语 stick to（坚持）。
[D]同选项[B]相似，关键词minute to work出自段首句，对应原文的moment of deep work，意义基本通顺。动词seize直接采用原文动词。但是定位不满足题干的要求。
37.【答案】C
【题干分析】根据题干关键词Harford和the early1980s，可以定位到第四段第二句：Tim Harford，author of Messy:The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives，points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups:some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities；others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail，day by day.值得注意的是，此句后半部分介绍了研究的具体过程，没有得出研究结论。反观题
干，真正的问题不是针对研究过程，而是研究结果，所以真正的定位句出现在第五段：…they were wrong:the detailed daily plans demotivated students. Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective，while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.本句指出了Harford的目的。
【选项解析】
[A]关键词daily schedules（日常规划）出自定位句，定位正确。动词部分indispensable to（不可或缺）违背了原文对“日常规划”的描述，即demotivated（打击积极性）和ineffective（缺乏效率），可见选项与原文逻辑相反。
[B]关键词monthly goals（月度目标）出现在20世纪80年代的研究过程中，没有出现在结论处，所以定位错误。研究结果只讨论“日常计划”的效用。
[C]关键词detailed plans（详细计划）出现在定位处，以两种方式呈现：
detailed daily plans，the daily to-do list。谓语部分not be as fruitful as expected
（不如预期有成效）对应原文the researchers assumed…they were wrong。
[D]关键词distractions出现在定位处，定位准确。但动词部分increase eficiency（促进效率）违背了原文render…ineffective（使计划的实施变得没有效率），选项与原文逻辑相反。
38.【答案】A
【题干分析】根据题干关键词Newport和idleness可定位到第七段：
“Idleness is not just a vacation，an indulgence or a vice；it is as indispensable to the brain as vitamin D is to the body..…Lidleness1 is，paradoxically，necessary to getting any work done，"he argues.
【选项解析】
[A]关键词an essential factor（必备要素）出现在定位句，对应ndispensable to…（不可或缺）和necessary to.…（必要）。动词 accomplishing any work（完成任何工作）替换原文getting any work done。
[B]关键词save time and energy（省钱省力）没有出现在定位处，违背了题干的定位要求。
[C]关键词physical health（身体健康）等同原文的body，定位正确。另外一个关键词major contributor（起主要作用）似乎也可以对应indispensable to the body（对身体不可或缺）。其实问题在于，原文中有一个as.…as.…的比较结构我们把这个结构解开就是两个小句：（1）idleness is indispensable to the brain；（2）vitamin D is indispensable to the body.句（2）的作用是衬托句（1），所以对“身体健康做贡献的是Vitamin D，而非idleness。
[D]两个关键词mental state（精神状态）和busy people（忙碌的人们）都没有出现在定位处，超出了题干的指示范围。
39.【答案】B
【题干分析】根据题干关键词Pillay和brains' shift（大脑切换）定位至倒数第二段：（1）Srini Pillay，an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School，believes this counterintuitive link between downtime and productivitymay be due to the way our brains operate.（2）When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task，they tend to be more efficient.
【选项解析】
[A]关键词psychological well being（心理健康）没有出现在定位处，超出题干要求范围。
[B]关键词greater efficiency（效率更高）出自定位句（2），对应more efficient。动词词组 bring about（带来）替换原文动词be。
[C]关键词balance in work（工作平衡）没有定位依据，超出定位范围。
[D]同选项C相似，关键词task urgency（任务紧急程度）没有出现在定位处，超出题干的要求。
40.【答案】D
【题干分析】此题是主旨归纳题，重点不是回文寻找具体特定信息，而是对全文进行归纳总结。一般遵循两个步骤：先研究选项，关注选项中的核心名词。名词有概括文章的能力。可根据名词的范围大小和在文章里出现的频率高低两个指标进行判断。然后回到文章的首尾两段，对每个选项出现的核心名词进行核实。
【选项解析】
[A]核心名词distractions（分心）在文章里总共出现两次，分别在第一段和第五段。从范围和频率判断，distraction都不是全文的重要信息词。
[B]核心名词focus time（专注时间）在文章里多次出现，范围和频率都大大超过distraction（分心）。但是lack（缺乏）不是全文的重点，导致“缺乏”的原因也不是重点信息。
[C]同选项[B]相似，核心名词 tension of busy life（紧张生活状态）不是全文的重点，出现频率低。
[D]核心信息getting more done in less time（事半功倍）在文章里直接出现两次，被effective，efficiency代替后出现了至少四次。频率高，范围贯穿全文。
【参考译文】
为了避免掉入忙碌的陷阱，Cal Newport在其《深度工作：分心时代成功收心之守则》一书中，建议人们培养“深度工作”的习惯，也就是培养排除干扰，专心致志的能力。
掌握深度工作有很多办法，比如，为了完成一项任务，可以长时间深居简出；把日常活动仪式化；或者采用“新闻记者”式的方法，每天抓住几个深度工作的片段。无论采取何种办法，关键是弄清楚专注时间的长度，然后坚持下去。
Newport还推荐了“深度规划”的办法来对抗干扰，采用这种方法可以达到事半功倍的效果。他指出：“在任何时间节点，我都制订出下个月的深度工作计划。一旦提上日程，我就会保护这个时间，就像保证与医生的预约，或者其他重要会议的日程一样。”
取得事半功倍的另外一个办法就是重新思考事情的轻重缓急顺序，尤其是制订事务清单。《一团糟：混乱改变生活》的作者Tim Harford介绍了20世纪80年代早期进行的一项研究。一群本科生被分为两个小组：一个小组听从建议，按月制定目标和学习计划；另外一组则按天制定更加详细的计划。
研究者们原以为按天制订细致规划的小组在完成任务时更加有效，然而事与愿违：详细的计划挫败了学生们的积极性。Harford认为，有些分散注意力的事情在所难免，往往会削弱每日事务的实施效度，而增加事务单的灵活性会产生最佳效果。
为了充分利用专注和能量，我们也需要拥有无所事事的间歇，或者如Newport所言，“要学会偷懒”。
他认为：“偷懒并不仅仅是一段休假，一份放纵，或者一种恶习。正如身体不能缺少维生素D，大脑也不能缺少休息。虽然有点自相矛盾，但惰性的确是完成工作不可或缺的要素。”
哈佛医学院心理学副教授Srini Pillay相信，惰性与效率之间的反常关联可能归因于大脑运转的方式。当大脑在某项任务的专注度与注意力分散之间切换时，效率会更高。
Srini Pillay说：“人们没有意识到，为了完成这些任务，人们必须同时使用大脑中的专注区域和分心区域。”
Part B
Directions：
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs（41-45）.There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）
[A]Just say it
[B]Be present
[C]Skip the small talk
[D]Ask for an opinion
[E]Find the“me too”s
[F]Name，places，things
[G]Pay a unique compliment
Five ways to make conversation with anyone
Conversations are links，which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.
You meet new people every day:the grocery worker，the cab driver，new people at work or the security guard at the door.Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link.
Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers.
41.__________
Suppose you are in a room with someone you don't know and something within you says"I want to talk with this person"-this is something that mostly happens with all of us. You wanted to say something-the first word-but it just won't come out, it feels like it is stuck somewhere.I know the feeling and here is my advice: just get it out.
Just think: what is the worst that could happen? They won't talk with you?Well, they are not talking with you now!
I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow. So keep it simple:"Hi,""Hey"or "Hello"-do the best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and say"Hi."
42.__________
It's a problem all of us face; you have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk memorable.
Honestly, if we got stuck in the rut of"hi,""hello,""how are you?"and"what's going on?", you will fail to give the initial jolt to the conversation that can make it so memorable.
So don't be afraid to ask more personal questions. Trust me, you' ll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if you just ask.
43.__________
When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and that person have in common so that you can build the conversation from that point. When you start conversation from there and then move outwards, you' ll find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.
44.__________
Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they are just busy on their phone, and if you ask for their attention you get the response "I can multitask."
So when someone tries to communicate with you, just be in that communication wholeheartedly. Make eye contact. Trust me, eye contact is where all the magic happens. When you make eye contact, you can feel the conversation.
45.__________
You all came into a conversation where you first met the person, but after some time you may have met again and have forgotten their name. Isn't that awkward！
So，remember the little details of the people you met or you talked with；perhaps the places they have been to，the places they want to go，the things they like，the things they hate-whatever you talk about.
When you remember such things you can automatically become investor in their wellbeing. So they feel a responsibility to you to keep that relationship going.
That's it.Five amazing ways that you can make conversation with almost anyone.Every person is a really good book to read，or to have a conversation with！
[A]Just say it（脱口而出）
[B]Be present（现场感）
[C]Skip the small talk（省去客套话）
[D]Ask for an opinion（询问意见）
[E]Find the“me too”s（找到“共同”之处）
[F]Name，places，things（名字，地点，事件）
[G]Pay a unique compliment（特别恭维）
【答案解析】
41.【答案】A
【解析】阅读对应的段落时，要注意段落中的重复信息，它可能是几个关键词，也可能是关键词的同义词。在题后的段落中，重复出现的信息是say something（说出来），在段落结尾处的just get it out（直接讲出来）是作者的建议。小结起来，本段的主题就是Just say it（脱口而出）。
42.【答案】C
【解析】如果本题对应题后的段落，那么主题是“一个问题”。但是从选项来看，没有相应选择。后面一段举例详细说明了这个“问题”，而提供的选项[C]更适合这个举例的段落。
43.【答案】E
【解析】题后的段落共两句，第二句中的there重复了第一句的things..…in common和that point，都指向同样的信息：谈话双方的共同之处。不过选项替代common things的表达式me too's（我也一样）非常形象生动，要求考生联想相关的口语表达。
44.【答案】B
【解析】同42题相似，题后的段落没有足够的信息得到答案，需要结合题后两
段才能选择。Be present（现场感）对应be in that communication（投入交谈之中）。
45.【答案】F
【解析】这显然不是题后一个段落的小结，而是三个段落的概括。题后的段落提出问题：记不住交谈对象的信息怎么办？另两个段落回答这个问题：记住对方的名字，交谈地点，谈话细节等。
【参考译文】
交谈五法
交谈是连接方式，即交谈会与人产生连接，之后的每一次交谈都会加强这种连接。
人们每天都会接触陌生人：杂货店员，出租车司机，新同事，门口新来的保安。
和他们简单交谈几句就可以形成某种连接。
如下提供与陌生人交谈的五大法则。
41.脱口而出
假设你与某个陌生人同处一室，你心里在想，“我想和这个人聊聊”。很多人都有这种体验。你试图开口，打破僵局，但是最终没有说出口，似乎卡在某个地方。我了解这种感受，所以我的建议是：脱口而出。
想想吧：能发生什么最糟糕的事情呢？人家不理你？无所谓啊，人家本来就没理你啊！
我真的相信，一旦你开口，接下来就很自然了。所以尽量干脆一点：“你好！”“嗨”“你好吗？”尽量调动你的热情和热度，笑容可掬来一句：“喂，你好！”
42.省去客套话
我们都面临同样的问题：说话时间有限，所以交谈务必令人记忆深刻。坦白地说，如果陷入“你好”“你好吗？”“最近怎样？”等固定套路之中，你的交谈从一开始就注定缺乏让人心动的活力，也不会令人记忆深刻。
所以不要担心涉及个人的问题。相信我，只要你开口，人们会非常愿意与你分享，超出你的预期。
43.找到“共同”之处
碰到陌生人时，尽量找出你们的共同之处，交谈就此开始，然后展开到别的话题，你会突然发现，交谈其实非常简单。
44.现场感
假设你正在与人倾心交谈，而对方却忙着接电话，如果你要求对方关注，你得到的反应是“我顾得过来”。
所以别人试图与你交谈时，尽量做到一心一意。保持眼光接触。相信我，四目相对，奇迹必然出现。对视时，可以找到交谈的感觉。
45.名字，地点，事件
你们每个人都与陌生人交谈过，但是过了一段时间，再次相遇时却忘记了对方的名字。真尴尬啊！
所以，要记住对方说过的细节；也许是他们去过的地方，也许是他们打算去的地方，或者是他们喜欢的东西，也许是讨厌的东西。总之，要尽量记住你们交谈过的内容。
当你记得这些东西时，你就会自动进入对方的生活。因此，对方会觉得有责任把这种关系保持下去。
就这么简单！掌握了这五大法则，你可以与任何人交谈。每个人都是一本好书，值得阅读，也值得交流。
Section Ⅲ Translation
45. Directions：
Translate the following text into Chinese.Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.（15 points）
A fifth grader gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations.He ticks“astronaut"but quickly adds“scientist”to the list and selects it as well.The boy is convinced that if he reads enough，he can explore as many career paths as he likes.And so he reads-everything from encyclopedias to science fiction novels.He reads so passionately that his parents have to institute a"no reading policy"at the dinner table.
That boy was Bill Gates，and he hasn't stopped reading yet-not even after becoming one of the most successful people on the planet.Nowadays，his reading material has changed from science fiction and reference books：recently，he revealed that he reads at least 50 nonfiction books a year.Gates chooses nonfiction titles because they explain how the world works.“Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge，”Gates says.
【参考译文】
一个五年级学生拿到一份家庭作业，要求从一份职业列表中选择将来的职业道路。他勾选了“宇航员”，但很快在表上添加了“科学家”，并将它也选上。这个男孩子相信，只要他读得够多，那么他想探索多少职业道路都可以。于是，他就这样读书——从百科全书到科幻小说，什么都看。他如饥似渴地读书，结果他的父母不得不立下一条吃饭时“不许看书的规矩”。
那个男孩就是比尔·盖茨（Bill Gates），而且，他至今依然没有停止阅读即便他已经成为这颗星球上最成功的人士之一。如今，他阅读的材料已经不再是科幻小说和参考书：最近，他透露说自己一年至少看50本非虚构作品。盖茨之所以选择非虚构作品，是因为它们解释世界是如何运行的。盖茨说：“每本书都开辟出新的知识途径。”
【重点句式】
1.The boy is convinced that if he reads enough，he can explore as many career paths as he likes.
从结构上看，此句包含一个递进的重叠构造，可以分解为四个以动词为核心的逻辑单位。（1）the boy is conviced that...；（2）if he reads enough；（3）he can explore many career paths；（4）he likes to explore many career paths。根据英语和汉语在语序上的差异，翻译时需要进行调整，最后的语序是（1）（2）（4）（8）。我们处理比较结构时，通常把熟悉的信息提前到不熟悉的信息之前。
2.He reads so passionately that his parents have to institute a“no reading policy”at the dinner table.
本句结构包含一个so…that..…的句式，比较容易理解，分解为两个逻辑单位即可。从语序来看，英汉之间没有差异，所以翻译时保持原文语序。不过，so…that我们通常理解为“如此……以至于……”，其实太僵化，完全可以翻译为“非常/很…….结果……”。比如，本句：他非常喜欢看书，结果父母只得立下一条规矩：“不准边吃边看。”注意：句中的动词institute很难理解。按照字面意义，institute作名词用，意为“机构”；作为动词使用时，一定要结合后面的宾语，才能理解动词的准确含义。Institute a policy就是make a policy的意思。
3.Gates chooses nonfiction titles because they explain how the world works.
重叠从句结构，分解为三个逻辑单位。考虑到because引出的状语结构，语序可以调整为：因为非虚构作品解释了世界运行的方式，所以盖茨喜欢阅读。参考答案使用“之所以……是因为……”也是一种语序，可以保留英文的排列方式。
Section IV Writing
Part A
46. Directions：
Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit Professor Smith.Write him an email to
1）apologize and explain the situation，and
2）suggest a future meeting.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name.Use“Li Ming"instead.
Do not write your address.（10 points）
【审题】
1.Email等同于信函，须沿用写信的格式，包括称呼和落款。
2.根据提示，把握写信的主要内容，包括道歉、解释、建议三个要点。
3.注意句式的选择，尤其是道歉和建议两种句式，必须符合英文交流的规范。
【参考范文】
Dear Prof. Smith，
To my deep regret I have to inform you that my travel plan is cancelled，and I won't be able to visit you as planned.I feel very disappointed for this lost opportunity of meeting you in person.
The travel has to be cancelled due to a visa trouble. When I went to the embassy for visa interview，I was told that my application would not be approved this time，and I was denied entry to your country.
So I will have to apply for another interview which will happen three months later according to the regulation.Hopefully I will get the visa next time.As soon as I have the confirmed news，I will contact you immediately.I wonder if it is still possible for you to schedule another meeting with me.
I am sorry for the cancelled visit and inconvenience incurred to you.
Sincerely Yours Li Ming
【句式借鉴】
1.告知句式：To my deep regret I have to inform you that..…（很遗憾地告诉您…）此句式通常用来表达某种遗憾的心情。
2.建议句式：I wonder if it is still possible for you to schedule another meeting with me.（我想知道，是否还可以与您改日再见。）这是以征求意见的方式表达自己的建议或请求。
3.道歉句式：I am sorry for the canceled visit and inconvenience incurred to you.（因为取消约定，以及因此给您造成不便，我深表歉意。）表示道歉时，一定要把道歉的事由交代清楚，以示诚意。
Part B
47. Directions：
Write an essay based on the chart below.In your writing，you should
1）interpret the chart，and
2）give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.（15 points）
【审题】
1.阅读图表下方的文字信息，抓住关键词：消费者（consumers，eaters，diners），餐厅（restaurant，dining place，canteen），关注度（concern）。
2.数据呈饼状（pie chart），描述数据的大小比例关系，找出比重大的几个板块：特色（36.3%），服务（26.8%），环境（23.8），价格（8.4），以及其他（4.7%）。
3.阅读提纲提示，确定作文构架，分为三段：第一段描写数据；第二段解读数据；第三段发表评论。
【参考范文】
This pie chart reveals those factors that would affect consumers' choice of restaurant in 2017.As is shown clearly，food flavor ranks the top reason for consumers' choice，accounting for 36.3 percent of the total.Then comes people's concern about the quality of service in the restaurant，with 26.8percent. 23.8 percent of the consumers' concern goes to dining environment as a crucial factor.Surprisingly，price is not a key element to be considered any more，occupying only 8.4 percent.
This survey result demonstartes a lot about the changes that have happened in people's life with regard to dining out.First of all，it is obvious that people's living standard has greatly improved and eating out is not a means to relieve hunger，but a way of enhancing life quality.Food，service and environment are the right symbols of good life.Therefore，consumers pay more attention to these factors when they choose a restaurant.Secondly，to sustain a good and decent life，people need a stronger financial backup，and the survey provides evidence as well by stating that price is a slight concern among the clients.It proves that people's income has been on a steady rise and a decent life is affordable nowadays.
In conclusion，the chart implies a decent life style and higher living standard，as demonstrated by people's choice of restaurant.I believe that this result also supplies a good guide to people who work in the business of restaurant.To make more profit，restaurant owners and workers should be aware of what customers are concerned about，and improve their services and food quality accordingly.
【句式借鉴】
1.第一段描写数据时，由大到小排列的表达方式分别是：rank the top reason，accounting for..%，Then comes.…with...%，.%…goes to…，occupying…%。注意：表达方式不能单一，要有变化，表明考生掌握了丰富的写作手段。这是判断考生作文水平高低的一个重要参照。
2.First of all，it is obvious that people's living standard has greatly improved and eating out is not a means to relieve hunger，but a way of enhancing life quality.（首先，人们的生活水平显著提高，外出就餐不再是缓解饥饿，而是改善生活质量。）这个句子比较复杂，由多个逻辑单位构成，分别是：it is obvious..，living standard has improved，eating out is not a means，eating out is a way。连接四个单位的关联词分别是that，and，not.…but..。注意：在组成复合句的时候，每一个逻辑单位以动词为核心构建，需要正确使用时态和语态，同时，两个以上逻辑单位之间必须使用连接词。
3.Secondly，to sustain a good and decent life，people need a stronger financial backup，and the survey provides evidence as well by stating that price is a slight concern among the clients.（其次，为了保持良好生活水准，人们需要较强的经济支持，调查表明，顾客不再过分关注就餐价格，也证实了这一点。）句首使用了一个悬垂的动词结构to sustain a good and decent life，可以增加造句的多样性。使用这种结构时，要注意其中的动词sustain与后一句的主语people之间的逻辑关系。
4.To make more profit，restaurant owners and workers should be aware of what customers are concerned about，and improve their services and food quality accordingly.（为了盈利，餐馆从业者应该意识到顾客的关注点，并且相应提升服务水平和食品质量。）在结尾处表达主观评论时，可以加入语气比较强烈的情态动词should，must等。
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